Word Similarity

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

1 leaderboard table shown for this task, 1 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

3 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

No subtask under this task in the archive's task tree.

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 117 papers with code (378 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
  16 Jan 2013 84 repositories listed Syntology ran 19 of 62 samples · 43 unverified · 18 pointer-only (licence)
  We propose two novel model architectures for computing continuous vector representations of words from very large data sets.
• Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information
  15 Jul 2016 54 repositories listed Syntology ran 4 of 31 samples · 27 unverified · 4 pointer-only (licence)
  A vector representation is associated to each character n-gram; words being represented as the sum of these representations.
• Calculating the similarity between words and sentences using a lexical database and corpus statistics
  15 Feb 2018 4 repositories listed
  To calculate the semantic similarity between words and sentences, the proposed method follows an edge-based approach using a lexical database.
• How to evaluate word embeddings? On importance of data efficiency and simple supervised tasks
  7 Feb 2017 4 repositories listed
  Maybe the single most important goal of representation learning is making subsequent learning faster.
• All-but-the-Top: Simple and Effective Postprocessing for Word Representations
  5 Feb 2017 4 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 26 samples · 24 unverified
  The postprocessing is empirically validated on a variety of lexical-level intrinsic tasks (word similarity, concept categorization, word analogy) and sentence-level tasks (semantic textural similarity and { text…
• SemGloVe: Semantic Co-occurrences for GloVe from BERT
  30 Dec 2020 3 repositories listed
  In this paper, we propose SemGloVe, which distills semantic co-occurrences from BERT into static GloVe word embeddings.
• Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings
  27 Aug 2018 3 repositories listed
  Multilingual Word Embeddings (MWEs) represent words from multiple languages in a single distributional vector space.
• Speech2Vec: A Sequence-to-Sequence Framework for Learning Word Embeddings from Speech
  23 Mar 2018 3 repositories listed
  In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture, Speech2Vec, for learning fixed-length vector representations of audio segments excised from a speech corpus, where the vectors contain semantic…
• Visual Grounding Helps Learn Word Meanings in Low-Data Regimes
  20 Oct 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 2 samples · 0 unverified · 2 pointer-only (licence)
  But to achieve these results, LMs must be trained in distinctly un-human-like ways - requiring orders of magnitude more language data than children receive during development, and without perceptual or social context.
• Can a Fruit Fly Learn Word Embeddings?
  18 Jan 2021 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 2 samples · 0 unverified
  In this work we study a mathematical formalization of this network motif and apply it to learning the correlational structure between words and their context in a corpus of unstructured text, a common natural language…
• A Common Semantic Space for Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Meta-Embeddings
  17 Jan 2020 2 repositories listed
  This paper presents a new technique for creating monolingual and cross-lingual meta-embeddings.
• BCWS: Bilingual Contextual Word Similarity
  21 Oct 2018 2 repositories listed
  This paper introduces the first dataset for evaluating English-Chinese Bilingual Contextual Word Similarity, namely BCWS (https://github.
• FRAGE: Frequency-Agnostic Word Representation
  18 Sep 2018 2 repositories listed
  Continuous word representation (aka word embedding) is a basic building block in many neural network-based models used in natural language processing tasks.
• Skip-gram word embeddings in hyperbolic space
  30 Aug 2018 2 repositories listed
  Recent work has demonstrated that embeddings of tree-like graphs in hyperbolic space surpass their Euclidean counterparts in performance by a large margin.
• Learning Multilingual Word Embeddings in Latent Metric Space: A Geometric Approach
  27 Aug 2018 2 repositories listed
  Our approach decouples learning the transformation from the source language to the target language into (a) learning rotations for language-specific embeddings to align them to a common space, and (b) learning a…
• Imparting Interpretability to Word Embeddings while Preserving Semantic Structure
  19 Jul 2018 2 repositories listed
  In other words, we align words that are already determined to be related, along predefined concepts.
• Extrofitting: Enriching Word Representation and its Vector Space with Semantic Lexicons
  21 Apr 2018 2 repositories listed
  The method consists of 3 steps as follows: (i) Expanding 1 or more dimension(s) on all the word vectors, filling with their representative value.
• A Simple Approach to Learn Polysemous Word Embeddings
  6 Jul 2017 2 repositories listed
  Evaluating these methods is also problematic, as rigorous quantitative evaluations in this space is limited, especially when compared with single-sense embeddings.
• Multimodal Word Distributions
  27 Apr 2017 2 repositories listed
  Word embeddings provide point representations of words containing useful semantic information.
• ConceptNet at SemEval-2017 Task 2: Extending Word Embeddings with Multilingual Relational Knowledge
  11 Apr 2017 2 repositories listed
  This paper describes Luminoso's participation in SemEval 2017 Task 2, "Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity", with a system based on ConceptNet.
• Construction of a Japanese Word Similarity Dataset
  17 Mar 2017 2 repositories listed
  An evaluation of distributed word representation is generally conducted using a word similarity task and/or a word analogy task.
• Definition Modeling: Learning to define word embeddings in natural language
  1 Dec 2016 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified · 3 pointer-only (licence)
  Distributed representations of words have been shown to capture lexical semantics, as demonstrated by their effectiveness in word similarity and analogical relation tasks.
• WordRank: Learning Word Embeddings via Robust Ranking
  9 Jun 2015 2 repositories listed
  Then, based on this insight, we propose a novel framework WordRank that efficiently estimates word representations via robust ranking, in which the attention mechanism and robustness to noise are readily achieved via…
• Analyzing Continuous Semantic Shifts with Diachronic Word Similarity Matrices
  16 Jan 2025 1 repository listed
  To address those issues, we propose a simple yet intuitive framework for how semantic shifts occur over multiple time periods by leveraging a similarity matrix between the embeddings of the same word through time.
• LGDE: Local Graph-based Dictionary Expansion
  13 May 2024 1 repository listed
  The diffusion in the local graph manifold allows the exploration of the complex nonlinear geometry of word embeddings to capture word similarities based on paths of semantic association, over and above direct pairwise…
• A Likelihood Ratio Test of Genetic Relationship among Languages
  30 Mar 2024 1 repository listed
  To this end, inspired by molecular phylogenetics, we propose a likelihood ratio test to determine if given languages are related based on the proportion of invariant character sites in the aligned wordlists applied…
• Are ELECTRA's Sentence Embeddings Beyond Repair? The Case of Semantic Textual Similarity
  20 Feb 2024 1 repository listed
  While BERT produces high-quality sentence embeddings, its pre-training computational cost is a significant drawback.
• Improving Heterogeneous Graph Learning with Weighted Mixed-Curvature Product Manifold
  10 Jul 2023 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 4 samples · 1 unverified · 4 pointer-only (licence)
  A promising candidate for the faithful embedding of data with varying structure is product manifolds of component spaces of different geometries (spherical, hyperbolic, or euclidean).
• Solving Cosine Similarity Underestimation between High Frequency Words by L2 Norm Discounting
  17 May 2023 1 repository listed
  This similarity underestimation problem is particularly severe for highly frequent words.
• SanskritShala: A Neural Sanskrit NLP Toolkit with Web-Based Interface for Pedagogical and Annotation Purposes
  19 Feb 2023 1 repository listed
  We present a neural Sanskrit Natural Language Processing (NLP) toolkit named SanskritShala (a school of Sanskrit) to facilitate computational linguistic analyses for several tasks such as word segmentation,…

Syntology lines on 7 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.