Audio captioning

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

2 leaderboard tables shown for this task, 2 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

5 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

2 subtasks in the archive's task tree.

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 62 papers with code (119 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• Clotho: An Audio Captioning Dataset
  21 Oct 2019 7 repositories listed Syntology ran 6 of 21 samples · 15 unverified
  Audio captioning is the novel task of general audio content description using free text.
• WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Research
  30 Mar 2023 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 12 samples · 12 unverified
  To address this data scarcity issue, we introduce WavCaps, the first large-scale weakly-labelled audio captioning dataset, comprising approximately 400k audio clips with paired captions.
• M2D2: Exploring General-purpose Audio-Language Representations Beyond CLAP
  28 Mar 2025 2 repositories listed
  In the second stage, it learns CLAP features using the audio features learned from the LLM-based embeddings.
• LAVCap: LLM-based Audio-Visual Captioning using Optimal Transport
  16 Jan 2025 2 repositories listed
  LAVCap employs an optimal transport-based alignment loss to bridge the modality gap between audio and visual features, enabling more effective semantic extraction.
• Understanding Sounds, Missing the Questions: The Challenge of Object Hallucination in Large Audio-Language Models
  12 Jun 2024 2 repositories listed
  Large audio-language models (LALMs) enhance traditional large language models by integrating audio perception capabilities, allowing them to tackle audio-related tasks.
• Qwen-Audio: Advancing Universal Audio Understanding via Unified Large-Scale Audio-Language Models
  14 Nov 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 5 of 7 samples · 2 unverified · 7 pointer-only (licence)
  Recently, instruction-following audio-language models have received broad attention for audio interaction with humans.
• LauraGPT: Listen, Attend, Understand, and Regenerate Audio with GPT
  7 Oct 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified
  Previous mainstream audio-and-text LLMs use discrete audio tokens to represent both input and output audio; however, they suffer from performance degradation on tasks such as automatic speech recognition, speech-to-text…
• VAST: A Vision-Audio-Subtitle-Text Omni-Modality Foundation Model and Dataset
  29 May 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 15 of 42 samples · 27 unverified
  Based on the proposed VAST-27M dataset, we train an omni-modality video-text foundational model named VAST, which can perceive and process vision, audio, and subtitle modalities from video, and better support various…
• CL4AC: A Contrastive Loss for Audio Captioning
  21 Jul 2021 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 1 samples · 0 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  Automated Audio captioning (AAC) is a cross-modal translation task that aims to use natural language to describe the content of an audio clip.
• video-SALMONN 2: Captioning-Enhanced Audio-Visual Large Language Models
  18 Jun 2025 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 8 samples · 5 unverified
  Videos contain a wealth of information, and generating detailed and accurate descriptions in natural language is a key aspect of video understanding.
• FusionAudio-1.2M: Towards Fine-grained Audio Captioning with Multimodal Contextual Fusion
  1 Jun 2025 1 repository listed
  High-quality, large-scale audio captioning is crucial for advancing audio understanding, yet current automated methods often generate captions that lack fine-grained detail and contextual accuracy, primarily due to…
• Solla: Towards a Speech-Oriented LLM That Hears Acoustic Context
  19 Mar 2025 1 repository listed
  Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable ability to process not only text but also multimodal inputs such as speech and audio.
• Mellow: a small audio language model for reasoning
  11 Mar 2025 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 6 samples · 3 unverified
  To train Mellow, we introduce ReasonAQA, a dataset designed to enhance audio-grounded reasoning in models.
• ADIFF: Explaining audio difference using natural language
  6 Feb 2025 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 4 samples · 1 unverified
  Lastly, we conduct multiple ablation studies to study the effects of cross-projection, language model parameters, position captioning, third stage fine-tuning, and present our findings.
• LLMs can see and hear without any training
  30 Jan 2025 1 repository listed
  We present MILS: Multimodal Iterative LLM Solver, a surprisingly simple, training-free approach, to imbue multimodal capabilities into your favorite LLM.
• ETTA: Elucidating the Design Space of Text-to-Audio Models
  26 Dec 2024 1 repository listed
  Recent years have seen significant progress in Text-To-Audio (TTA) synthesis, enabling users to enrich their creative workflows with synthetic audio generated from natural language prompts.
• AudioSetCaps: An Enriched Audio-Caption Dataset using Automated Generation Pipeline with Large Audio and Language Models
  28 Nov 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 0 of 4 samples · 4 unverified · 4 pointer-only (licence)
  In this paper, we propose an automated pipeline that integrates audio-language models for fine-grained content extraction, LLMs for synthetic caption generation, and a contrastive language-audio pretraining (CLAP)…
• Tell What You Hear From What You See -- Video to Audio Generation Through Text
  8 Nov 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 0 of 6 samples · 6 unverified · 6 pointer-only (licence)
  Experiments show that when VATT is compared to existing video-to-audio generation methods in objective metrics, it achieves competitive performance when the audio caption is not provided.
• DRCap: Decoding CLAP Latents with Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Zero-shot Audio Captioning
  12 Oct 2024 1 repository listed
  By tailoring the text embedding support and the caption datastore to the target domain, DRCap acquires a robust ability to adapt to new domains in a training-free manner.
• SLAM-AAC: Enhancing Audio Captioning with Paraphrasing Augmentation and CLAP-Refine through LLMs
  12 Oct 2024 1 repository listed
  Recent progress in audio pre-trained models and large language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced audio understanding and textual reasoning capabilities, making improvements in AAC possible.
• An Eye for an Ear: Zero-shot Audio Description Leveraging an Image Captioner using Audiovisual Distribution Alignment
  8 Oct 2024 1 repository listed
  In this work, we introduce a novel methodology for bridging the audiovisual modality gap by matching the distributions of tokens produced by an audio backbone and those of an image captioner.
• OpenSep: Leveraging Large Language Models with Textual Inversion for Open World Audio Separation
  28 Sep 2024 1 repository listed
  Audio separation in real-world scenarios, where mixtures contain a variable number of sources, presents significant challenges due to limitations of existing models, such as over-separation, under-separation, and…
• CLAIR-A: Leveraging Large Language Models to Judge Audio Captions
  19 Sep 2024 1 repository listed
  The Automated Audio Captioning (AAC) task asks models to generate natural language descriptions of an audio input.
• EnCLAP++: Analyzing the EnCLAP Framework for Optimizing Automated Audio Captioning Performance
  2 Sep 2024 1 repository listed
  We investigate the impact of modifying the acoustic encoder components, explore pretraining with different dataset scales, and study the effectiveness of a reranking scheme.
• Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generation
  27 Jun 2024 1 repository listed
  The scalability of ambient sound generators is hindered by data scarcity, insufficient caption quality, and limited scalability in model architecture.
• Enhancing Automated Audio Captioning via Large Language Models with Optimized Audio Encoding
  19 Jun 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 5 of 8 samples · 3 unverified
  Automated audio captioning (AAC) is an audio-to-text task to describe audio contents in natural language.
• Improving Text-To-Audio Models with Synthetic Captions
  18 Jun 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 4 samples · 1 unverified · 4 pointer-only (licence)
  It is an open challenge to obtain high quality training data, especially captions, for text-to-audio models.
• Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilities
  2 Feb 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified · 3 pointer-only (licence)
  Augmenting large language models (LLMs) to understand audio -- including non-speech sounds and non-verbal speech -- is critically important for diverse real-world applications of LLMs.
• EnCLAP: Combining Neural Audio Codec and Audio-Text Joint Embedding for Automated Audio Captioning
  31 Jan 2024 1 repository listed
  We also introduce a new training objective called masked codec modeling that improves acoustic awareness of the pretrained language model.
• Learning Audio Concepts from Counterfactual Natural Language
  10 Jan 2024 1 repository listed
  Conventional audio classification relied on predefined classes, lacking the ability to learn from free-form text.

Syntology lines on 14 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.