Click-Through Rate Prediction

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

20 leaderboard tables shown for this task, 20 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted. 10 shown of 20 until expanded.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

8 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

No subtask under this task in the archive's task tree.

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 165 papers with code (391 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• Wide & Deep Learning for Recommender Systems
  24 Jun 2016 39 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 5 samples · 5 unverified · 5 pointer-only (licence)
  Memorization of feature interactions through a wide set of cross-product feature transformations are effective and interpretable, while generalization requires more feature engineering effort.
• FiBiNET: Combining Feature Importance and Bilinear feature Interaction for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  23 May 2019 31 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 26 samples · 24 unverified · 3 pointer-only (licence)
  In this paper, a new model named FiBiNET as an abbreviation for Feature Importance and Bilinear feature Interaction NETwork is proposed to dynamically learn the feature importance and fine-grained feature interactions.
• DeepFM: A Factorization-Machine based Neural Network for CTR Prediction
  13 Mar 2017 23 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 8 samples · 6 unverified · 2 pointer-only (licence)
  Learning sophisticated feature interactions behind user behaviors is critical in maximizing CTR for recommender systems.
• MaskNet: Introducing Feature-Wise Multiplication to CTR Ranking Models by Instance-Guided Mask
  9 Feb 2021 21 repositories listed
  We also turn the feed-forward layer in DNN model into a mixture of addictive and multiplicative feature interactions by proposing MaskBlock in this paper.
• AutoInt: Automatic Feature Interaction Learning via Self-Attentive Neural Networks
  29 Oct 2018 19 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 3 samples · 3 unverified
  Afterwards, a multi-head self-attentive neural network with residual connections is proposed to explicitly model the feature interactions in the low-dimensional space.
• xDeepFM: Combining Explicit and Implicit Feature Interactions for Recommender Systems
  14 Mar 2018 19 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 15 samples · 12 unverified · 2 pointer-only (licence)
  On one hand, the xDeepFM is able to learn certain bounded-degree feature interactions explicitly; on the other hand, it can learn arbitrary low- and high-order feature interactions implicitly.
• Deep Interest Network for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  21 Jun 2017 18 repositories listed
  In this way, user features are compressed into a fixed-length representation vector, in regardless of what candidate ads are.
• Deep & Cross Network for Ad Click Predictions
  17 Aug 2017 16 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 2 samples · 0 unverified · 2 pointer-only (licence)
  Feature engineering has been the key to the success of many prediction models.
• Deep Interest Evolution Network for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  11 Sep 2018 15 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 14 samples · 14 unverified
  Easy-to-use, Modular and Extendible package of deep-learning based CTR models.
• DCN V2: Improved Deep & Cross Network and Practical Lessons for Web-scale Learning to Rank Systems
  19 Aug 2020 12 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 14 samples · 12 unverified
  Learning effective feature crosses is the key behind building recommender systems.
• FAT-DeepFFM: Field Attentive Deep Field-aware Factorization Machine
  15 May 2019 12 repositories listed
  Although some CTR model such as Attentional Factorization Machine (AFM) has been proposed to model the weight of second order interaction features, we posit the evaluation of feature importance before explicit feature…
• Modeling Task Relationships in Multi-task Learning with Multi-gate Mixture-of-Experts
  19 Jul 2018 11 repositories listed
  In this work, we propose a novel multi-task learning approach, Multi-gate Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE), which explicitly learns to model task relationships from data.
• Product-based Neural Networks for User Response Prediction
  1 Nov 2016 11 repositories listed
  Predicting user responses, such as clicks and conversions, is of great importance and has found its usage in many Web applications including recommender systems, web search and online advertising.
• Product-based Neural Networks for User Response Prediction over Multi-field Categorical Data
  1 Jul 2018 10 repositories listed
  User response prediction is a crucial component for personalized information retrieval and filtering scenarios, such as recommender system and web search.
• Behavior Sequence Transformer for E-commerce Recommendation in Alibaba
  15 May 2019 9 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 1 samples · 1 unverified
  Deep learning based methods have been widely used in industrial recommendation systems (RSs).
• RippleNet: Propagating User Preferences on the Knowledge Graph for Recommender Systems
  9 Mar 2018 9 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 7 samples · 6 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  To address the sparsity and cold start problem of collaborative filtering, researchers usually make use of side information, such as social networks or item attributes, to improve recommendation performance.
• Real World Large Scale Recommendation Systems Reproducibility and Smooth Activations
  14 Feb 2022 8 repositories listed
  We describe a novel family of smooth activations; Smooth ReLU (SmeLU), designed to improve reproducibility with mathematical simplicity, with potentially cheaper implementation.
• Knowledge Graph Convolutional Networks for Recommender Systems
  18 Mar 2019 8 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 5 samples · 4 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  To alleviate sparsity and cold start problem of collaborative filtering based recommender systems, researchers and engineers usually collect attributes of users and items, and design delicate algorithms to exploit these…
• DeepFM: An End-to-End Wide & Deep Learning Framework for CTR Prediction
  12 Apr 2018 8 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 2 samples · 1 unverified · 2 pointer-only (licence)
  In this paper, we study two instances of DeepFM where its "deep" component is DNN and PNN respectively, for which we denote as DeepFM-D and DeepFM-P.
• Progressive Layered Extraction (PLE): A Novel Multi-Task Learning (MTL) Model for Personalized Recommendations
  22 Feb 2020 7 repositories listed
  Moreover, through extensive experiments across SOTA MTL models, we have observed an interesting seesaw phenomenon that performance of one task is often improved by hurting the performance of some other tasks.
• FLEN: Leveraging Field for Scalable CTR Prediction
  12 Nov 2019 7 repositories listed
  By suitably exploiting field information, the field-wise bi-interaction pooling captures both inter-field and intra-field feature conjunctions with a small number of model parameters and an acceptable time complexity…
• Deep Session Interest Network for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  16 May 2019 7 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 11 samples · 9 unverified
  Easy-to-use, Modular and Extendible package of deep-learning based CTR models.
• BARS-CTR: Open Benchmarking for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  12 Sep 2020 6 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 1 samples · 1 unverified
  We have publicly released the benchmarking code, evaluation protocols, and hyper-parameter settings of our work to promote reproducible research in this field.
• A Dual Input-aware Factorization Machine for CTR Prediction
  1 Jul 2020 6 repositories listed
  Factorization Machines (FMs) refer to a class of general predictors working with real valued feature vectors, which are well-known for their ability to estimate model parameters under significant sparsity and have found…
• AutoFIS: Automatic Feature Interaction Selection in Factorization Models for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  25 Mar 2020 6 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 24 samples · 23 unverified
  By implementing a regularized optimizer over the architecture parameters, the model can automatically identify and remove the redundant feature interactions during the training process of the model.
• Mixed Dimension Embeddings with Application to Memory-Efficient Recommendation Systems
  25 Sep 2019 6 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 26 samples · 24 unverified · 26 pointer-only (licence)
  Embedding representations power machine intelligence in many applications, including recommendation systems, but they are space intensive -- potentially occupying hundreds of gigabytes in large-scale settings.
• Feature Generation by Convolutional Neural Network for Click-Through Rate Prediction
  9 Apr 2019 6 repositories listed
  Easy-to-use, Modular and Extendible package of deep-learning based CTR models.
• Entire Space Multi-Task Model: An Effective Approach for Estimating Post-Click Conversion Rate
  21 Apr 2018 6 repositories listed
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first public dataset which contains samples with sequential dependence of click and conversion labels for CVR modeling.
• FiBiNet++: Reducing Model Size by Low Rank Feature Interaction Layer for CTR Prediction
  12 Sep 2022 5 repositories listed
  Click-Through Rate (CTR) estimation has become one of the most fundamental tasks in many real-world applications and various deep models have been proposed.
• BARS: Towards Open Benchmarking for Recommender Systems
  19 May 2022 5 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 8 samples · 6 unverified
  Despite significant progress made in both research and practice of recommender systems, to date, there is a lack of a widely-recognized benchmarking standard in this field.

Syntology lines on 17 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.