Knowledge Tracing

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

2 leaderboard tables shown for this task, 2 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

2 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

No subtask under this task in the archive's task tree.

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 110 papers with code (215 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• A Self-Attentive model for Knowledge Tracing
  16 Jul 2019 10 repositories listed Syntology ran 6 of 12 samples · 6 unverified · 9 pointer-only (licence)
  Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities.
• Deep Knowledge Tracing
  19 Jun 2015 7 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 12 samples · 11 unverified
  Knowledge tracing---where a machine models the knowledge of a student as they interact with coursework---is a well established problem in computer supported education.
• Last Query Transformer RNN for knowledge tracing
  10 Feb 2021 6 repositories listed
  The novel point of the model is that it only uses the last input as query in transformer encoder, instead of all sequence, which makes QK matrix multiplication in transformer Encoder to have O(L) time complexity,…
• Towards an Appropriate Query, Key, and Value Computation for Knowledge Tracing
  14 Feb 2020 5 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified · 3 pointer-only (licence)
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to suggest an encoder-decoder model for knowledge tracing that applies deep self-attentive layers to exercises and responses separately.
• SAINT+: Integrating Temporal Features for EdNet Correctness Prediction
  19 Oct 2020 4 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified · 3 pointer-only (licence)
  We propose SAINT+, a successor of SAINT which is a Transformer based knowledge tracing model that separately processes exercise information and student response information.
• GIKT: A Graph-based Interaction Model for Knowledge Tracing
  13 Sep 2020 4 repositories listed
  With the rapid development in online education, knowledge tracing (KT) has become a fundamental problem which traces students' knowledge status and predicts their performance on new questions.
• DAS3H: Modeling Student Learning and Forgetting for Optimally Scheduling Distributed Practice of Skills
  14 May 2019 4 repositories listed Syntology ran 5 of 22 samples · 17 unverified · 9 pointer-only (licence)
  In this article, we first frame the research problem of optimizing an adaptive and personalized spaced repetition scheduler when memorization concerns the application of underlying multiple skills.
• Application of Deep Self-Attention in Knowledge Tracing
  17 May 2021 3 repositories listed
  The development of intelligent tutoring system has greatly influenced the way students learn and practice, which increases their learning efficiency.
• Context-Aware Attentive Knowledge Tracing
  24 Jul 2020 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 2 samples · 0 unverified
  We also conduct several case studies and show that AKT exhibits excellent interpretability and thus has potential for automated feedback and personalization in real-world educational settings.
• Personalized Student Knowledge Modeling for Future Learning Resource Prediction
  20 May 2025 2 repositories listed
  Despite advances in deep learning for education, student knowledge tracing and behavior modeling face persistent challenges: limited personalization, inadequate modeling of diverse learning activities (especially…
• Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Bias
  4 Mar 2025 2 repositories listed
  In the realm of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the accurate assessment of students' knowledge states through Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial for personalized learning.
• Towards Robust Knowledge Tracing Models via k-Sparse Attention
  24 Jul 2024 2 repositories listed
  We show that our \textsc{sparseKT} is able to help attentional KT models get rid of irrelevant student interactions and have comparable predictive performance when compared to 11 state-of-the-art KT models on three…
• Interpretable Knowledge Tracing with Multiscale State Representation
  14 May 2024 2 repositories listed
  Specifically, MIKT traces students' knowledge states on two scales: a coarse-grained representation to trace students' domain knowledge state, and a fine-grained representation to monitor their conceptual knowledge…
• HD-KT: Advancing Robust Knowledge Tracing via Anomalous Learning Interaction Detection
  13 May 2024 2 repositories listed
  Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in online learning, aimed at tracing and predicting each student's knowledge states throughout their learning process.
• Adversarial Bootstrapped Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracing
  29 Oct 2023 2 repositories listed
  To address this issue, we propose an adversarial bootstrapped question representation (ABQR) model, which can generate robust and high-quality question representations without requiring negative samples.
• Do We Fully Understand Students' Knowledge States? Identifying and Mitigating Answer Bias in Knowledge Tracing
  15 Aug 2023 2 repositories listed
  Existing models tend to memorize the answer bias as a shortcut for achieving high prediction performance in KT, thereby failing to fully understand students' knowledge states.
• Learning Behavior-oriented Knowledge Tracing
  6 Aug 2023 2 repositories listed
  However, the significant effect of learners' learning behaviors (e.
• Tracing Knowledge Instead of Paterns: Stable Knowledge Tracing with Diagnostic Transformer
  30 Apr 2023 2 repositories listed
  Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims at tracing the evolution of the knowledge states along the learning process of a learner.
• Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representations
  14 Feb 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 8 of 11 samples · 3 unverified
  The results demonstrate that our approach is superior on the KT prediction task, and it outperforms a wide range of deep learning based KT models in terms of prediction accuracy with better model interpretability.
• simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracing
  14 Feb 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 10 of 18 samples · 8 unverified
  Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interactions with intelligent tutoring systems.
• Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Tasks
  14 Feb 2023 2 repositories listed
  In this paper, we proposed \emph{AT-DKT} to improve the prediction performance of the original deep knowledge tracing model with two auxiliary learning tasks, i.
• Assessing Student's Dynamic Knowledge State by Exploring the Question Difficulty Effect
  11 Jul 2022 2 repositories listed
  In this paper, we focus on exploring the question difficulty effect on learning to improve student's knowledge state assessment and propose the DIfficulty Matching Knowledge Tracing (DIMKT) model.
• pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Models
  23 Jun 2022 2 repositories listed
  However, the success behind deep learning based knowledge tracing (DLKT) approaches is still left somewhat unknown and proper measurement and analysis of these DLKT approaches remain a challenge.
• Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Tracing
  25 Apr 2022 2 repositories listed
  Knowledge tracing is the task of understanding student’s knowledge acquisition processes by estimating whether to solve the next question correctly or not.
• Interpretable Knowledge Tracing: Simple and Efficient Student Modeling with Causal Relations
  15 Dec 2021 2 repositories listed
  IKT's prediction of future student performance is made using a Tree-Augmented Naive Bayes Classifier (TAN), therefore its predictions are easier to explain than deep learning-based student models.
• Learning Process-consistent Knowledge Tracing
  14 Aug 2021 2 repositories listed
  Besides, we design a forgetting gate to model the decline of students' knowledge over time, which is based on their previous knowledge state, present learning gains, and the interval time.
• Enhancing Knowledge Tracing via Adversarial Training
  10 Aug 2021 2 repositories listed
  The original and adversarial examples are further used to jointly train the KT model, forcing it is not only to be robust to the adversarial examples, but also to enhance the generalization over the original ones.
• Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracing
  19 Apr 2021 2 repositories listed
  Knowledge tracing refers to a family of methods that estimate each student's knowledge component/skill mastery level from their past responses to questions.
• Convolutional Knowledge Tracing: Modeling Individualization in Student Learning Process
  25 Jul 2020 2 repositories listed
  However, only given student learning interactions, most of existing KT methods neglect the individualization of students, i.
• Deep-IRT: Make Deep Learning Based Knowledge Tracing Explainable Using Item Response Theory
  26 Apr 2019 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 2 samples · 2 unverified
  Deep learning based knowledge tracing model has been shown to outperform traditional knowledge tracing model without the need for human-engineered features, yet its parameters and representations have long been…

Syntology lines on 9 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.