Hate Speech Detection

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

15 leaderboard tables shown for this task, 15 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted. 10 shown of 15 until expanded.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

47 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count. 30 shown of 47 until expanded.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

3 subtasks in the archive's task tree.

Parent tasks archive 2025-07-28

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 203 papers with code (507 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter
  2 Oct 2019 37 repositories listed Syntology ran 19 of 27 samples · 8 unverified
  As Transfer Learning from large-scale pre-trained models becomes more prevalent in Natural Language Processing (NLP), operating these large models in on-the-edge and/or under constrained computational training or…
• OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models
  2 May 2022 11 repositories listed Syntology ran 6 of 24 samples · 18 unverified · 16 pointer-only (licence)
  Large language models, which are often trained for hundreds of thousands of compute days, have shown remarkable capabilities for zero- and few-shot learning.
• Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language
  11 Mar 2017 8 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 12 samples · 12 unverified
  We train a multi-class classifier to distinguish between these different categories.
• HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detection
  18 Dec 2020 6 repositories listed
  We also observe that models, which utilize the human rationales for training, perform better in reducing unintended bias towards target communities.
• Comparative Studies of Detecting Abusive Language on Twitter
  30 Aug 2018 4 repositories listed
  However, this dataset has not been comprehensively studied to its potential.
• Investigating Annotator Bias in Large Language Models for Hate Speech Detection
  17 Jun 2024 3 repositories listed
  This paper serves as a crucial resource, guiding researchers and practitioners in harnessing the potential of LLMs for data annotation, thereby fostering advancements in this critical field.
• HateCheck: Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection Models
  31 Dec 2020 3 repositories listed
  Detecting online hate is a difficult task that even state-of-the-art models struggle with.
• Deep Learning Models for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection
  14 Apr 2020 3 repositories listed
  Hate speech detection is a challenging problem with most of the datasets available in only one language: English.
• NLPineers@ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection using Ensembling of BERT-based models
  11 Dec 2024 2 repositories listed
  This paper explores hate speech detection in Devanagari-scripted languages, focusing on Hindi and Nepali, for Subtask B of the CHIPSAL@COLING 2025 Shared Task.
• NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Data
  28 Mar 2024 2 repositories listed
  Finally, owing to the modest performance of HSD systems in real-world conditions, we find that content moderators would need to review about ten thousand Nigerian tweets flagged as hateful daily to moderate 60% of all…
• Bryndza at ClimateActivism 2024: Stance, Target and Hate Event Detection via Retrieval-Augmented GPT-4 and LLaMA
  9 Feb 2024 2 repositories listed
  This study details our approach for the CASE 2024 Shared Task on Climate Activism Stance and Hate Event Detection, focusing on Hate Speech Detection, Hate Speech Target Identification, and Stance Detection as…
• Attentive Fusion: A Transformer-based Approach to Multimodal Hate Speech Detection
  19 Jan 2024 2 repositories listed
  With the recent surge and exponential growth of social media usage, scrutinizing social media content for the presence of any hateful content is of utmost importance.
• TurkishBERTweet: Fast and Reliable Large Language Model for Social Media Analysis
  29 Nov 2023 2 repositories listed
  Wide us of this language on social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, or Tiktok and strategic position of the country in the world politics makes it appealing for the social network researchers and industry.
• KoMultiText: Large-Scale Korean Text Dataset for Classifying Biased Speech in Real-World Online Services
  6 Oct 2023 2 repositories listed
  With the growth of online services, the need for advanced text classification algorithms, such as sentiment analysis and biased text detection, has become increasingly evident.
• ferret: a Framework for Benchmarking Explainers on Transformers
  2 Aug 2022 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 1 samples · 0 unverified
  With ferret, users can visualize and compare transformers-based models output explanations using state-of-the-art XAI methods on any free-text or existing XAI corpora.
• Semi-supervised Stance Detection of Tweets Via Distant Network Supervision
  3 Jan 2022 2 repositories listed
  Detecting and labeling stance in social media text is strongly motivated by hate speech detection, poll prediction, engagement forecasting, and concerted propaganda detection.
• Few-shot Learning with Multilingual Language Models
  20 Dec 2021 2 repositories listed
  Large-scale generative language models such as GPT-3 are competitive few-shot learners.
• Detecting Hate Speech with GPT-3
  23 Mar 2021 2 repositories listed
  Given this capacity, we are interested in whether large language models can be used to identify hate speech and classify text as sexist or racist.
• A Large-scale Dataset for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts
  22 Mar 2021 2 repositories listed
  On social medias, hate speech has become a critical problem for social network users.
• Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detection
  31 Dec 2020 2 repositories listed
  We provide a new dataset of ~40, 000 entries, generated and labelled by trained annotators over four rounds of dynamic data creation.
• Multilingual Twitter Corpus and Baselines for Evaluating Demographic Bias in Hate Speech Recognition
  24 Feb 2020 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 13 samples · 11 unverified
  Existing research on fairness evaluation of document classification models mainly uses synthetic monolingual data without ground truth for author demographic attributes.
• A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Media
  28 Oct 2019 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 1 samples · 1 unverified
  To address these needs, in this study we introduce a novel transfer learning approach based on an existing pre-trained language model called BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers).
• Hateminers : Detecting Hate speech against Women
  17 Dec 2018 2 repositories listed
  With the online proliferation of hate speech, there is an urgent need for systems that can detect such harmful content.
• Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum
  12 Sep 2018 2 repositories listed
  Hate speech is commonly defined as any communication that disparages a target group of people based on some characteristic such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other…
• Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Models
  20 Oct 2017 2 repositories listed
  In the wake of a polarizing election, the cyber world is laden with hate speech.
• AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detection
  26 May 2025 1 repository listed
  Implicit hate speech detection is challenging due to its subtlety and reliance on contextual interpretation rather than explicit offensive words.
• All You Need is "Leet": Evading Hate-speech Detection AI
  22 May 2025 1 repository listed
  Social media and online forums are increasingly becoming popular.
• Personalisation or Prejudice? Addressing Geographic Bias in Hate Speech Detection using Debias Tuning in Large Language Models
  4 May 2025 1 repository listed
  In this paper, we examine various state-of-the-art LLMs to understand their behaviour in different personalisation scenarios, specifically focusing on hate speech.
• Improving Hate Speech Classification with Cross-Taxonomy Dataset Integration
  7 Mar 2025 1 repository listed
  Algorithmic hate speech detection faces significant challenges due to the diverse definitions and datasets used in research and practice.
• Evaluation of Hate Speech Detection Using Large Language Models and Geographical Contextualization
  26 Feb 2025 1 repository listed
  In this study, we systematically investigate the performance of LLMs on detecting hate speech across multilingual datasets and diverse geographic contexts.

Syntology lines on 6 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.