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Fluoroformer: Scaling multiple instance learning to multiplexed images via attention-based channel fusion

13 Nov 2024arXiv:2411.08975archive 2025-07-28

Marc Harary, Eliezer M. Van Allen, William Lotter

Though multiple instance learning (MIL) has been a foundational strategy in computational pathology for processing whole slide images (WSIs), current approaches are designed for traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides rather than emerging multiplexed technologies. Here, we present an MIL strategy, the Fluoroformer module, that is specifically tailored to multiplexed WSIs by leveraging scaled dot-product attention (SDPA) to interpretably fuse information across disparate channels. On a cohort of 434 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples, we show that the Fluoroformer both obtains strong prognostic performance and recapitulates immuno-oncological hallmarks of NSCLC. Our technique thereby provides a path for adapting state-of-the-art AI techniques to emerging spatial biology assays.

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Multiple Instance Learningwhole slide images

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AttentionSoftmax

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