PICO

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

1 leaderboard table shown for this task, 1 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

No dataset record in the archive lists this task.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

No subtask under this task in the archive's task tree.

Parent tasks archive 2025-07-28

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

26 shown of 26 papers with code (68 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• Object Detection with Pixel Intensity Comparisons Organized in Decision Trees
  20 May 2013 8 repositories listed
  We describe a method for visual object detection based on an ensemble of optimized decision trees organized in a cascade of rejectors.
• Domain-Specific Language Model Pretraining for Biomedical Natural Language Processing
  31 Jul 2020 2 repositories listed
  In this paper, we challenge this assumption by showing that for domains with abundant unlabeled text, such as biomedicine, pretraining language models from scratch results in substantial gains over continual pretraining…
• Constructing Artificial Data for Fine-tuning for Low-Resource Biomedical Text Tagging with Applications in PICO Annotation
  21 Oct 2019 2 repositories listed
  The network is then fine-tuned on a combination of real and these newly constructed artificial labeled instances.
• PICO Element Detection in Medical Text via Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks
  1 Jul 2018 2 repositories listed
  Successful evidence-based medicine (EBM) applications rely on answering clinical questions by analyzing large medical literature databases.
• A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literature
  11 Jun 2018 2 repositories listed
  We present a corpus of 5, 000 richly annotated abstracts of medical articles describing clinical randomized controlled trials.
• AlpaPICO: Extraction of PICO Frames from Clinical Trial Documents Using LLMs
  15 Sep 2024 1 repository listed
  In recent years, there has been a surge in the publication of clinical trial reports, making it challenging to conduct systematic reviews.
• FactPICO: Factuality Evaluation for Plain Language Summarization of Medical Evidence
  18 Feb 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified
  But how factual are these summaries in a high-stakes domain like medicine?
• PiCO: Peer Review in LLMs based on the Consistency Optimization
  2 Feb 2024 1 repository listed Syntology ran 9 of 14 samples · 5 unverified · 14 pointer-only (licence)
  Existing large language models (LLMs) evaluation methods typically focus on testing the performance on some closed-environment and domain-specific benchmarks with human annotations.
• Bio-SIEVE: Exploring Instruction Tuning Large Language Models for Systematic Review Automation
  12 Aug 2023 1 repository listed
  Medical systematic reviews can be very costly and resource intensive.
• Towards Effective Visual Representations for Partial-Label Learning
  10 May 2023 1 repository listed Syntology ran 0 of 1 samples · 1 unverified
  Under partial-label learning (PLL) where, for each training instance, only a set of ambiguous candidate labels containing the unknown true label is accessible, contrastive learning has recently boosted the performance…
• Intermittent Upwelling Events Trigger Delayed, Major, and Reproducible Pico-Nanophytoplankton Responses in Coastal Oligotrophic Waters
  2 Mar 2023 1 repository listed
  Pico-nanophytoplankton organisms are dominant in oceanic oligotrophic areas but their adaptive growth rates make their contribution to the carbon cycle difficult to estimate.
• Simulating single-photon detector array sensors for depth imaging
  7 Oct 2022 1 repository listed
  Our approach accurately generates realistic depth images in a wide range of scenarios, allowing the performance of an optical depth imaging system to be established without the need for costly and laborious field…
• Pre-trained language models with domain knowledge for biomedical extractive summarization
  19 Jul 2022 1 repository listed
  Biomedical text summarization is a critical task for comprehension of an ever-growing amount of biomedical literature.
• DISTANT-CTO: A Zero Cost, Distantly Supervised Approach to Improve Low-Resource Entity Extraction Using Clinical Trials Literature
  1 May 2022 1 repository listed
  To break through the bottleneck, we propose DISTANT-CTO, a novel distantly supervised PICO entity extraction approach using the clinical trials literature, to generate a massive weakly-labeled dataset with more than a…
• LinkBERT: Pretraining Language Models with Document Links
  29 Mar 2022 1 repository listed Syntology ran 0 of 14 samples · 14 unverified
  Language model (LM) pretraining can learn various knowledge from text corpora, helping downstream tasks.
• Addressing Gap between Training Data and Deployed Environment by On-Device Learning
  2 Mar 2022 1 repository listed
  This article introduces a neural network based on-device learning (ODL) approach to address this issue by retraining in deployed environments.
• Multi-Agent Path Finding with Prioritized Communication Learning
  8 Feb 2022 1 repository listed
  The learning-based, fully decentralized framework has been introduced to alleviate real-time problems and simultaneously pursue optimal planning policy.
• PiCO+: Contrastive Label Disambiguation for Robust Partial Label Learning
  22 Jan 2022 1 repository listed Syntology ran 2 of 2 samples · 0 unverified
  Partial label learning (PLL) is an important problem that allows each training example to be labeled with a coarse candidate set, which well suits many real-world data annotation scenarios with label ambiguity.
• Contrastive Label Disambiguation for Partial Label Learning
  29 Sep 2021 1 repository listed
  Partial label learning (PLL) is an important problem that allows each training example to be labeled with a coarse candidate set, which well suits many real-world data annotation scenarios with label ambiguity.
• Truth Discovery in Sequence Labels from Crowds
  9 Sep 2021 1 repository listed Syntology ran 3 of 5 samples · 2 unverified · 5 pointer-only (licence)
  The proposed Aggregation method for Sequential Labels from Crowds (AggSLC) jointly considers the characteristics of sequential labeling tasks, workers' reliabilities, and advanced machine learning techniques.
• Sent2Span: Span Detection for PICO Extraction in the Biomedical Text without Span Annotations
  6 Sep 2021 1 repository listed
  The rapid growth in published clinical trials makes it difficult to maintain up-to-date systematic reviews, which requires finding all relevant trials.
• Predicting Clinical Trial Results by Implicit Evidence Integration
  12 Oct 2020 1 repository listed Syntology ran 0 of 1 samples · 1 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  In the CTRP framework, a model takes a PICO-formatted clinical trial proposal with its background as input and predicts the result, i.
• Data Mining in Clinical Trial Text: Transformers for Classification and Question Answering Tasks
  30 Jan 2020 1 repository listed
  This paper contributes to solving problems related to ambiguity in PICO sentence prediction tasks, as well as highlighting how annotations for training named entity recognition systems are used to train a…
• Advancing PICO Element Detection in Biomedical Text via Deep Neural Networks
  30 Oct 2018 1 repository listed
  One is the PubMed-PICO dataset, where our best results outperform the previous best by 5.
• Machine Learning in Downlink Coordinated Multipoint in Heterogeneous Networks
  30 Aug 2016 1 repository listed
  We propose a method for downlink coordinated multipoint (DL CoMP) in heterogeneous fifth generation New Radio (NR) networks.
• Computing High Accuracy Power Spectra with Pico
  2 Dec 2007 1 repository listed
  This paper presents the second release of Pico (Parameters for the Impatient COsmologist).

Syntology lines on 7 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.