Keyword Spotting

Description from the archive archive 2025-07-28.

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

10 leaderboard tables shown for this task, 10 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

8 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

2 subtasks in the archive's task tree.

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 113 papers with code (407 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• Speech Commands: A Dataset for Limited-Vocabulary Speech Recognition
  9 Apr 2018 35 repositories listed Syntology ran 4 of 5 samples · 1 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  Describes an audio dataset of spoken words designed to help train and evaluate keyword spotting systems.
• Hello Edge: Keyword Spotting on Microcontrollers
  20 Nov 2017 18 repositories listed
  We train various neural network architectures for keyword spotting published in literature to compare their accuracy and memory/compute requirements.
• Keyword Transformer: A Self-Attention Model for Keyword Spotting
  1 Apr 2021 10 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 16 samples · 15 unverified
  The Transformer architecture has been successful across many domains, including natural language processing, computer vision and speech recognition.
• TERA: Self-Supervised Learning of Transformer Encoder Representation for Speech
  12 Jul 2020 7 repositories listed Syntology ran 5 of 14 samples · 9 unverified
  We present a large-scale comparison of various self-supervised models.
• AST: Audio Spectrogram Transformer
  5 Apr 2021 5 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 3 samples · 3 unverified
  In the past decade, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely adopted as the main building block for end-to-end audio classification models, which aim to learn a direct mapping from audio spectrograms to…
• Efficient keyword spotting using dilated convolutions and gating
  19 Nov 2018 5 repositories listed
  We explore the application of end-to-end stateless temporal modeling to small-footprint keyword spotting as opposed to recurrent networks that model long-term temporal dependencies using internal states.
• Broadcasted Residual Learning for Efficient Keyword Spotting
  8 Jun 2021 4 repositories listed
  We present a broadcasted residual learning method to achieve high accuracy with small model size and computational load.
• Deep Residual Learning for Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting
  28 Oct 2017 4 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 14 samples · 13 unverified
  We explore the application of deep residual learning and dilated convolutions to the keyword spotting task, using the recently-released Google Speech Commands Dataset as our benchmark.
• Honk: A PyTorch Reimplementation of Convolutional Neural Networks for Keyword Spotting
  18 Oct 2017 4 repositories listed
  We describe Honk, an open-source PyTorch reimplementation of convolutional neural networks for keyword spotting that are included as examples in TensorFlow.
• READ-BAD: A New Dataset and Evaluation Scheme for Baseline Detection in Archival Documents
  9 May 2017 4 repositories listed
  Well established text line segmentation evaluation schemes such as the Detection Rate or Recognition Accuracy demand for binarized data that is annotated on a pixel level.
• SSAST: Self-Supervised Audio Spectrogram Transformer
  19 Oct 2021 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 11 of 16 samples · 5 unverified
  However, pure Transformer models tend to require more training data compared to CNNs, and the success of the AST relies on supervised pretraining that requires a large amount of labeled data and a complex training…
• Temporal Convolution for Real-time Keyword Spotting on Mobile Devices
  8 Apr 2019 3 repositories listed
  In addition, we release the implementation of the proposed and the baseline models including an end-to-end pipeline for training models and evaluating them on mobile devices.
• Attention-based End-to-End Models for Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting
  29 Mar 2018 3 repositories listed
  In this paper, we propose an attention-based end-to-end neural approach for small-footprint keyword spotting (KWS), which aims to simplify the pipelines of building a production-quality KWS system.
• An End-to-End Architecture for Keyword Spotting and Voice Activity Detection
  28 Nov 2016 3 repositories listed
  We propose a single neural network architecture for two tasks: on-line keyword spotting and voice activity detection.
• Self-Learning for Personalized Keyword Spotting on Ultra-Low-Power Audio Sensors
  22 Aug 2024 2 repositories listed
  By efficiently exploiting the heterogeneous processing engines of the MCU, the always-on labeling task runs in real-time with an average power cost of up to 8.
• PhonMatchNet: Phoneme-Guided Zero-Shot Keyword Spotting for User-Defined Keywords
  31 Aug 2023 2 repositories listed
  This study presents a novel zero-shot user-defined keyword spotting model that utilizes the audio-phoneme relationship of the keyword to improve performance.
• Improving Label-Deficient Keyword Spotting Through Self-Supervised Pretraining
  4 Oct 2022 2 repositories listed
  This paper explores the effectiveness of SSL on small models for KWS and establishes that SSL can enhance the performance of small KWS models when labelled data is scarce.
• PaddleSpeech: An Easy-to-Use All-in-One Speech Toolkit
  20 May 2022 2 repositories listed
  PaddleSpeech is an open-source all-in-one speech toolkit.
• Progressive Continual Learning for Spoken Keyword Spotting
  29 Jan 2022 2 repositories listed
  Catastrophic forgetting is a thorny challenge when updating keyword spotting (KWS) models after deployment.
• MLPerf Tiny Benchmark
  14 Jun 2021 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 16 samples · 15 unverified
  Advancements in ultra-low-power tiny machine learning (TinyML) systems promise to unlock an entirely new class of smart applications.
• Few-Shot Keyword Spotting in Any Language
  3 Apr 2021 2 repositories listed
  With just five training examples, we fine-tune the embedding model for keyword spotting and achieve an average F1 score of 0.
• EfficientNet-Absolute Zero for Continuous Speech Keyword Spotting
  31 Dec 2020 2 repositories listed
  To this end, the football keyword dataset (FKD), as a new keyword spotting dataset in Persian, is collected with crowdsourcing.
• Resource-efficient DNNs for Keyword Spotting using Neural Architecture Search and Quantization
  18 Dec 2020 2 repositories listed
  This paper introduces neural architecture search (NAS) for the automatic discovery of small models for keyword spotting (KWS) in limited resource environments.
• Decentralizing Feature Extraction with Quantum Convolutional Neural Network for Automatic Speech Recognition
  26 Oct 2020 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 2 samples · 1 unverified · 2 pointer-only (licence)
  Testing on the Google Speech Commands Dataset, the proposed QCNN encoder attains a competitive accuracy of 95.
• Howl: A Deployed, Open-Source Wake Word Detection System
  21 Aug 2020 2 repositories listed
  We describe Howl, an open-source wake word detection toolkit with native support for open speech datasets, like Mozilla Common Voice and Google Speech Commands.
• Federated Learning for Keyword Spotting
  9 Oct 2018 2 repositories listed
  We propose a practical approach based on federated learning to solve out-of-domain issues with continuously running embedded speech-based models such as wake word detectors.
• Trainable Frontend For Robust and Far-Field Keyword Spotting
  19 Jul 2016 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 10 samples · 10 unverified
  Robust and far-field speech recognition is critical to enable true hands-free communication.
• GLAP: General contrastive audio-text pretraining across domains and languages
  12 Jun 2025 1 repository listed Syntology ran 1 of 10 samples · 9 unverified
  GLAP demonstrates its versatility by achieving competitive performance on standard audio-text retrieval benchmarks like Clotho and AudioCaps, while significantly surpassing existing methods in speech retrieval and…
• Advances in Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting: A Comprehensive Review of Efficient Models and Algorithms
  12 Jun 2025 1 repository listed
  Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting (SF-KWS) has gained popularity in today's landscape of smart voice-activated devices, smartphones, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
• Chameleon: A MatMul-Free Temporal Convolutional Network Accelerator for End-to-End Few-Shot and Continual Learning from Sequential Data
  30 May 2025 1 repository listed
  Fabricated in 40-nm CMOS, Chameleon sets new accuracy records on Omniglot for end-to-end on-chip FSL (96.

Syntology lines on 10 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.