Arithmetic Reasoning

Benchmarks archive 2025-07-28

5 leaderboard tables shown for this task, 5 with rows (a “benchmark” on this site is a table with at least one row, as on /sota), ordered by row count. “Best model” is the first row in the archive's own order at snapshot; nothing is re-ranked here and metric direction is not recorded in the archive. PwC's Trend sparklines are not in the archive, so that column is omitted.

Syntology column: samples harvested from the paper's repositories and executed on synthesized fixtures; “ran” is not a correctness claim and does not order the table. A dash means no Syntology record for that paper, not a recorded non-run. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.

Libraries

Not in the archive: the export carries no per-task library table, so there is nothing to show at snapshot 2025-07-28.

Datasets archive 2025-07-28

8 datasets whose archive record lists this task, ordered by the archive's paper count.

Subtasks archive 2025-07-28

No subtask under this task in the archive's task tree.

Most implemented papers archive 2025-07-28

30 shown of 112 papers with code (175 tagged with this task in all), ordered by repositories listed in the archive, not by stars (the archive holds no stars, so PwC's “Social” and “Latest” sorts cannot be reproduced). Papers without a page here are shown as plain text.

• LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models
  27 Feb 2023 57 repositories listed Syntology ran 26 of 58 samples · 32 unverified · 4 pointer-only (licence)
  We introduce LLaMA, a collection of foundation language models ranging from 7B to 65B parameters.
• Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models
  18 Jul 2023 19 repositories listed Syntology ran 31 of 52 samples · 21 unverified · 16 pointer-only (licence)
  In this work, we develop and release Llama 2, a collection of pretrained and fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) ranging in scale from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters.
• GPT-4 Technical Report
  15 Mar 2023 11 repositories listed Syntology ran 2 of 5 samples · 3 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs.
• Qwen2 Technical Report
  15 Jul 2024 6 repositories listed
  This report introduces the Qwen2 series, the latest addition to our large language models and large multimodal models.
• Mistral 7B
  10 Oct 2023 6 repositories listed Syntology ran 9 of 11 samples · 2 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  We introduce Mistral 7B v0.
• Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models
  17 May 2023 6 repositories listed Syntology ran 7 of 24 samples · 17 unverified
  Language models are increasingly being deployed for general problem solving across a wide range of tasks, but are still confined to token-level, left-to-right decision-making processes during inference.
• DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models
  5 Feb 2024 5 repositories listed Syntology ran 8 of 24 samples · 16 unverified
  Mathematical reasoning poses a significant challenge for language models due to its complex and structured nature.
• Llemma: An Open Language Model For Mathematics
  16 Oct 2023 4 repositories listed Syntology ran 6 of 8 samples · 2 unverified
  We present Llemma, a large language model for mathematics.
• Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners
  24 May 2022 4 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 4 samples · 4 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  Pretrained large language models (LLMs) are widely used in many sub-fields of natural language processing (NLP) and generally known as excellent few-shot learners with task-specific exemplars.
• Math-Shepherd: Verify and Reinforce LLMs Step-by-step without Human Annotations
  14 Dec 2023 3 repositories listed
  In this paper, we present an innovative process-oriented math process reward model called \textbf{Math-Shepherd}, which assigns a reward score to each step of math problem solutions.
• Mastering Symbolic Operations: Augmenting Language Models with Compiled Neural Networks
  4 Apr 2023 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 5 of 11 samples · 6 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  Our work highlights the potential of seamlessly unifying explicit rule learning via CoNNs and implicit pattern learning in LMs, paving the way for true symbolic comprehension capabilities.
• Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4
  22 Mar 2023 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 10 samples · 10 unverified
  We contend that (this early version of) GPT-4 is part of a new cohort of LLMs (along with ChatGPT and Google's PaLM for example) that exhibit more general intelligence than previous AI models.
• PAL: Program-aided Language Models
  18 Nov 2022 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified
  Much of this success can be attributed to prompting methods such as "chain-of-thought'', which employ LLMs for both understanding the problem description by decomposing it into steps, as well as solving each step of the…
• Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models
  21 Mar 2022 3 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 1 samples · 0 unverified
  Chain-of-thought prompting combined with pre-trained large language models has achieved encouraging results on complex reasoning tasks.
• CAPO: Cost-Aware Prompt Optimization
  22 Apr 2025 2 repositories listed
  CAPO is an evolutionary approach with LLMs as operators, incorporating racing to save evaluations and multi-objective optimization to balance performance with prompt length.
• Fed-SB: A Silver Bullet for Extreme Communication Efficiency and Performance in (Private) Federated LoRA Fine-Tuning
  21 Feb 2025 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 4 samples · 3 unverified · 4 pointer-only (licence)
  However, federated fine-tuning using LoRA is challenging due to suboptimal updates arising from traditional federated averaging of individual adapters.
• FedEx-LoRA: Exact Aggregation for Federated and Efficient Fine-Tuning of Foundation Models
  12 Oct 2024 2 repositories listed
  Our method's simplicity, efficiency, and broad applicability position it as a promising solution for accurate and effective federated fine-tuning of foundation models.
• An Investigation of Neuron Activation as a Unified Lens to Explain Chain-of-Thought Eliciting Arithmetic Reasoning of LLMs
  18 Jun 2024 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 33 of 36 samples · 3 unverified · 11 pointer-only (licence)
  Our analyses revealed that the activation of reasoning neurons in the feed-forward layers of an LLM can explain the importance of various components in a CoT prompt, and future research can extend it for a more complete…
• Buffer of Thoughts: Thought-Augmented Reasoning with Large Language Models
  6 Jun 2024 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 6 samples · 5 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  We introduce Buffer of Thoughts (BoT), a novel and versatile thought-augmented reasoning approach for enhancing accuracy, efficiency and robustness of large language models (LLMs).
• ReFT: Representation Finetuning for Language Models
  4 Apr 2024 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 1 of 14 samples · 13 unverified
  We define a strong instance of the ReFT family, Low-rank Linear Subspace ReFT (LoReFT), and we identify an ablation of this method that trades some performance for increased efficiency.
• Parameter-Efficient Sparsity Crafting from Dense to Mixture-of-Experts for Instruction Tuning on General Tasks
  5 Jan 2024 2 repositories listed
  Using PESC during instruction tuning, our best sparse model outperforms other sparse and dense models and exhibits superior general capabilities compared to GPT-3.
• Query-Dependent Prompt Evaluation and Optimization with Offline Inverse RL
  13 Sep 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 3 samples · 0 unverified · 3 pointer-only (licence)
  We identify a previously overlooked objective of query dependency in such optimization and elucidate two ensuing challenges that impede the successful and economical design of prompt optimization techniques.
• CodeT5+: Open Code Large Language Models for Code Understanding and Generation
  13 May 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 3 of 4 samples · 1 unverified
  To address these limitations, we propose ``CodeT5+'', a family of encoder-decoder LLMs for code in which component modules can be flexibly combined to suit a wide range of downstream code tasks.
• LLM-Adapters: An Adapter Family for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models
  4 Apr 2023 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 4 of 4 samples · 0 unverified · 1 pointer-only (licence)
  The success of large language models (LLMs), like GPT-4 and ChatGPT, has led to the development of numerous cost-effective and accessible alternatives that are created by finetuning open-access LLMs with task-specific…
• Automatic Prompt Augmentation and Selection with Chain-of-Thought from Labeled Data
  24 Feb 2023 2 repositories listed
  However, most CoT studies rely on carefully designed human-annotated rational chains to prompt LLMs, posing challenges for real-world applications where labeled data is available without rational chains.
• Batch Prompting: Efficient Inference with Large Language Model APIs
  19 Jan 2023 2 repositories listed
  We extensively validate the effectiveness of batch prompting on ten datasets across commonsense QA, arithmetic reasoning, and NLI/NLU: batch prompting significantly~(up to 5x with six samples in batch) reduces the LLM…
• Reasoning with Language Model Prompting: A Survey
  19 Dec 2022 2 repositories listed
  Reasoning, as an essential ability for complex problem-solving, can provide back-end support for various real-world applications, such as medical diagnosis, negotiation, etc.
• UL2: Unifying Language Learning Paradigms
  10 May 2022 2 repositories listed Syntology ran 0 of 16 samples · 16 unverified
  Our model also achieve strong results at in-context learning, outperforming 175B GPT-3 on zero-shot SuperGLUE and tripling the performance of T5-XXL on one-shot summarization.
• Learning to Reason for Text Generation from Scientific Tables
  16 Apr 2021 2 repositories listed
  In this paper, we introduce SciGen, a new challenge dataset for the task of reasoning-aware data-to-text generation consisting of tables from scientific articles and their corresponding descriptions.
• DCR: Quantifying Data Contamination in LLMs Evaluation
  15 Jul 2025 1 repository listed
  The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about benchmark data contamination (BDC), where models inadvertently memorize evaluation data, inflating performance metrics and undermining…

Syntology lines on 20 of the papers shown; no Syntology record for the others (a paper without an arXiv id cannot be joined to the graph, and absence from the graph layer is not a recorded non-run). “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized fixture, not that the paper's result was reproduced. Read from the graph 2026-09-24.