Papers › SSL4EO-S12: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal, Multi-Temporal Dataset for Self-Supervised...

SSL4EO-S12: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal, Multi-Temporal Dataset for Self-Supervised Learning in Earth Observation

13 Nov 2022arXiv:2211.07044archive 2025-07-28

Yi Wang, Nassim Ait Ali Braham, Zhitong Xiong, Chenying Liu, Conrad M Albrecht, Xiao Xiang Zhu

Self-supervised pre-training bears potential to generate expressive representations without human annotation. Most pre-training in Earth observation (EO) are based on ImageNet or medium-size, labeled remote sensing (RS) datasets. We share an unlabeled RS dataset SSL4EO-S12 (Self-Supervised Learning for Earth Observation - Sentinel-1/2) to assemble a large-scale, global, multimodal, and multi-seasonal corpus of satellite imagery from the ESA Sentinel-1 \& -2 satellite missions. For EO applications we demonstrate SSL4EO-S12 to succeed in self-supervised pre-training for a set of methods: MoCo-v2, DINO, MAE, and data2vec. Resulting models yield downstream performance close to, or surpassing accuracy measures of supervised learning. In addition, pre-training on SSL4EO-S12 excels compared to existing datasets. We make openly available the dataset, related source code, and pre-trained models at https://github.com/zhu-xlab/SSL4EO-S12.

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Code

zhu-xlab/ssl4eo-s12 officialmentioned in papermentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
zhu-xlab/dino-mm mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
zhu-xlab/softcon mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
zhu-xlab/ssl4eo-review mentioned on GitHubpytorch report

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Tasks

Earth ObservationMulti-Label Image ClassificationSelf-Supervised Learning

Datasets

Introduced by this paper, per the archive.

SSL4EO-S12

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet MoCo-v2 (ResNet50, fine tune) mAP (micro) 91.8 #1 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet MoCo-v2 (ResNet50, fine tune) official split No #1 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet MoCo-v3 (ViT-S/16, fine tune) mAP (micro) 89.9 #2 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet MoCo-v3 (ViT-S/16, fine tune) official split No #2 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet MAE (ViT-S/16, fine tune) mAP (micro) 88.9 #4 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet MAE (ViT-S/16, fine tune) official split No #4 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet (official test set) MoCov3 (ViT-S/16) F1 Score 80.5 #2 of 6 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet (official test set) MoCov3 (ViT-S/16) mAP (micro) 89.3 #2 of 6 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet (official test set) MoCov2 (ResNet50) F1 Score 79.8 #3 of 6 Archive leaderboard report
Multi-Label Image Classification BigEarthNet (official test set) MoCov2 (ResNet50) mAP (micro) 88.7 #3 of 6 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

Methods

AttentionDense ConnectionsLayer NormalizationLinear LayerMAEMulti-Head AttentionResidual ConnectionSoftmaxVision Transformer

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