Papers › SpineNet: Learning Scale-Permuted Backbone for Recognition and Localization
SpineNet: Learning Scale-Permuted Backbone for Recognition and Localization
Xianzhi Du, Tsung-Yi Lin, Pengchong Jin, Golnaz Ghiasi, Mingxing Tan, Yin Cui, Quoc V. Le, Xiaodan Song
Convolutional neural networks typically encode an input image into a series of intermediate features with decreasing resolutions. While this structure is suited to classification tasks, it does not perform well for tasks requiring simultaneous recognition and localization (e.g., object detection). The encoder-decoder architectures are proposed to resolve this by applying a decoder network onto a backbone model designed for classification tasks. In this paper, we argue encoder-decoder architecture is ineffective in generating strong multi-scale features because of the scale-decreased backbone. We propose SpineNet, a backbone with scale-permuted intermediate features and cross-scale connections that is learned on an object detection task by Neural Architecture Search. Using similar building blocks, SpineNet models outperform ResNet-FPN models by ~3% AP at various scales while using 10-20% fewer FLOPs. In particular, SpineNet-190 achieves 52.5% AP with a MaskR-CNN detector and achieves 52.1% AP with a RetinaNet detector on COCO for a single model without test-time augmentation, significantly outperforms prior art of detectors. SpineNet can transfer to classification tasks, achieving 5% top-1 accuracy improvement on a challenging iNaturalist fine-grained dataset. Code is at: https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/tree/master/models/official/detection.
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Code
13 repositories listed; official and paper-mentioned ones first.
Repository list and official/mentioned flags are the archive's, frozen 2025-07-28. Reachability, where shown, is from one Syntology probe window (2026-09-16 to 2026-09-18); repositories not probed show nothing. GitHub stars are not tracked.
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Tasks
Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28
| Task | Dataset | Model | Metric | Value | Rank at snapshot | Leaderboard | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image Classification | ImageNet | SpineNet-143 | GFLOPs | 9.1 | #794 of 1060 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Image Classification | ImageNet | SpineNet-143 | Number of params | 60.5M | #794 of 1060 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Image Classification | ImageNet | SpineNet-143 | Top 1 Accuracy | 79% | #794 of 1060 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Image Classification | iNaturalist | SpineNet-143 | Top 1 Accuracy | 63.6% | #15 of 19 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Image Classification | iNaturalist | SpineNet-143 | Top 5 Accuracy | 84.8% | #15 of 19 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Instance Segmentation | COCO minival | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1536x1536) | mask AP | 46.1 | #45 of 93 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Instance Segmentation | COCO test-dev | Mask R-CNN (SpineNet-190, 1536x1536) | mask AP | 46.1 | #38 of 112 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO minival | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1536x1536) | box AP | 52.2 | #67 of 220 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1280x1280) | AP50 | 71.8 | #74 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1280x1280) | AP75 | 56.5 | #74 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1280x1280) | APL | 63.6 | #74 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1280x1280) | APM | 55 | #74 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1280x1280) | APS | 35.4 | #74 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-190, 1280x1280) | box mAP | 52.1 | #74 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-143, 1280x1280) | AP50 | 70.4 | #85 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-143, 1280x1280) | AP75 | 54.9 | #85 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-143, 1280x1280) | APL | 62.1 | #85 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-143, 1280x1280) | APM | 53.9 | #85 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-143, 1280x1280) | APS | 33.6 | #85 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-143, 1280x1280) | box mAP | 50.7 | #85 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-96, 1024x1024) | AP50 | 68.4 | #104 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-96, 1024x1024) | AP75 | 52.5 | #104 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-96, 1024x1024) | APL | 62 | #104 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-96, 1024x1024) | APM | 52.3 | #104 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-96, 1024x1024) | APS | 32 | #104 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-96, 1024x1024) | box mAP | 48.6 | #104 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 896x896) | AP50 | 66.3 | #124 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 896x896) | AP75 | 50.6 | #124 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 896x896) | APL | 61.7 | #124 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 896x896) | APM | 50.1 | #124 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 896x896) | APS | 29.1 | #124 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 896x896) | box mAP | 46.7 | #124 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 640x640) | AP50 | 63.8 | #146 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 640x640) | AP75 | 47.6 | #146 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 640x640) | APL | 61.1 | #146 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 640x640) | APM | 47.7 | #146 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 640x640) | APS | 25.9 | #146 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49, 640x640) | box mAP | 44.3 | #146 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | SpineNet-49 (640, RetinaNet, single-scale) | AP50 | 62.3 | #167 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | SpineNet-49 (640, RetinaNet, single-scale) | AP75 | 46.1 | #167 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | SpineNet-49 (640, RetinaNet, single-scale) | APL | 57.3 | #167 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | SpineNet-49 (640, RetinaNet, single-scale) | APM | 45.2 | #167 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | SpineNet-49 (640, RetinaNet, single-scale) | APS | 23.7 | #167 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | SpineNet-49 (640, RetinaNet, single-scale) | box mAP | 42.8 | #167 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49S, 640x640) | AP50 | 60.5 | #183 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49S, 640x640) | AP75 | 44.6 | #183 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49S, 640x640) | APL | 58 | #183 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49S, 640x640) | APM | 45 | #183 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49S, 640x640) | APS | 23.3 | #183 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Object Detection | COCO test-dev | RetinaNet (SpineNet-49S, 640x640) | box mAP | 41.5 | #183 of 225 | Archive leaderboard | report |
Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.
Methods
Introduced by this paper: SpineNet
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