Papers › DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search

DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search

24 Jun 2018ICLR 2019 5arXiv:1806.09055archive 2025-07-28

Hanxiao Liu, Karen Simonyan, Yiming Yang

This paper addresses the scalability challenge of architecture search by formulating the task in a differentiable manner. Unlike conventional approaches of applying evolution or reinforcement learning over a discrete and non-differentiable search space, our method is based on the continuous relaxation of the architecture representation, allowing efficient search of the architecture using gradient descent. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, ImageNet, Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 show that our algorithm excels in discovering high-performance convolutional architectures for image classification and recurrent architectures for language modeling, while being orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art non-differentiable techniques. Our implementation has been made publicly available to facilitate further research on efficient architecture search algorithms.

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Syntology Ran 66 of 156 code samples harvested from 34 repositories linked to this paper; 90 have no recorded run. Of those that ran: 7 ran · honoured contract; 1 ran · violated contract; 9 ran · our draft was wrong; 3 ran · fixture could not drive it; 46 ran with no contract checked.

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quark0/darts officialmentioned in papermentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
AlvinIsonomia/darts.pytorch1.3_MultiGPU mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
D-X-Y/AutoDL-Projects mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
D-X-Y/GDAS mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
D-X-Y/NAS-Projects mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
DoctorLiQ/AutoML mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
HeungChangLee/AutoML mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
IsmaelCesar/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
JunrQ/NAS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
KunlinY/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
KunlinY/darts-parallel mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
MarcAntoineAlex/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
NVlabs/unas mentioned on GitHubpytorchNOASSERTION report
NivNayman/XNAS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
YushiChen/Auto-CNN-HSI-Classification mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
abcp4/MyDarts mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
adammenges/DARTS-PyTorch mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
ahundt/sharpDARTS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
alphadl/darts.pytorch1.1 mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
anonNo2/MulTeacher-KD mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
aragakiyuiii/Gumbel-darts-master mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
brian-moser/dartsrenet mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
diff7/DARTS-devices mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
dragen1860/DARTS-PyTorch mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
eml-eda/plinio mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
flymin/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
google-research/google-research mentioned on GitHubtf report
grtzsohalf/pt.darts mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
guoyongcs/NAT mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
guoyongcs/NATv2 mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
jiangyingjunn/i-darts mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
jkooy/NAS-UDA mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
kc-ml2/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
khanrc/pt.darts mentioned on GitHubpytorchMIT report
ky941122/darts-experiment mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
leopard-ai/betty mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
liamcli/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
lippman1125/darts_notes mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
lorylei/DARTS-et mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
mayankk6196/darts-python mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
mlvc-lab/Classification-NAS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
narutomst/Auto-CNN-HSI-Classification mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
nikita270a/BayesianDARTS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
nutellamok/advrush mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
osmr/imgclsmob mentioned on GitHubmxnetMIT report
pipilurj/BONAS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
scz233/darts mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
siddikui/Fast-DARTS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
sinamoradian/SNIP-NAS-2 mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
tally0818/DARTS mentioned on GitHubpytorchnot reachable when probed 2026-09-17 — repositories for recent papers often appear after camera-ready report
tianbaochou/CNAS mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
veegee82/DARTS mentioned on GitHubnot reachable when probed 2026-09-18 — repositories for recent papers often appear after camera-ready report
victoriaqiu/10707finalproject mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report
yochaiz/darts-UNIQ mentioned on GitHubpytorch report
open-mmlab/mmrazor pytorchApache-2.0 report

Repository list and official/mentioned flags are the archive's, frozen 2025-07-28. Reachability, where shown, is from one Syntology probe window (2026-09-16 to 2026-09-18); repositories not probed show nothing. GitHub stars are not tracked.

Code Syntology ran Syntology

156 samples harvested; 66 ran; 7 honoured the contract we drafted; 90 have no recorded run. Read from Syntology's graph 2026-09-24; that is when this build read the record, not when the samples ran.

7ran · honoured contract
1ran · violated contract
9ran · our draft was wrong
3ran · fixture could not drive it
46ran
90unverified

Licence: 48 of the 156 samples are pointer only, meaning Syntology does not serve that copy's text. This page shows no code text for any sample; each one links to its file in the repository.

Harvested from 34 repositories linked to this paper, official or community; each sample names its own and says which. “Ran” means the sample executed on a synthesized input. It does not mean the output is correct, and nothing here reproduces the paper's results. “Honoured” and “violated” refer to a contract Syntology drafted from the code itself; “our draft was wrong” and “fixture could not drive it” are failures of Syntology's instrument, not of the code.

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Network IsmaelCesar/darts/cnn/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 3de93db32d6c4cfa · report
Network AlvinIsonomia/darts.pytorch1.3_MultiGPU/cnn/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 1342be28047df968 · report
Network tianbaochou/CNAS/darts/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 55c0d392116142b0 · report
Network nutellamok/advrush/advrush/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 08bd706c59678188 · report
Network siddikui/Fast-DARTS/cnn/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 425e68d6421af20f · report
Network alphadl/darts.pytorch1.1/cnn/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 64034c2260c2f086 · report
Network YushiChen/Auto-CNN-HSI-Classification/1D-Auto-CNN-Spectral-Classification/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 8a93fb77581fa92c · report
SearchCNN anonNo2/MulTeacher-KD/models/search_cnn.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 6bc6a14b61df8619 · report
SearchCNNController anonNo2/MulTeacher-KD/models/search_cnn.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · a6731234e79bb490 · report
SearchCell kc-ml2/darts/models/search_cells.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 71a380f876e6f951 · report
SearchCell nikita270a/BayesianDARTS/models/search_cells.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 36f326ef70573024 · report
SearchCell ky941122/darts-experiment/models/search_cells.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · eb92b3f14f24c87c · report
SearchCell MarcAntoineAlex/darts/models/search_cells.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 7b58f6913df8744d · report
SearchCell anonNo2/MulTeacher-KD/models/search_cnn.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · c07f24c5b712ddef · report
TwoBranchOp lorylei/DARTS-et/cnn/model_search.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · a9675c8f90c430f2 · report
accuracy HeungChangLee/AutoML/cnn/utils.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 469bf48752905889 · report
accuracy DoctorLiQ/AutoML/cnn/utils.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · e93d9ddbfeb73ced · report
add_batch_counter_hook_function yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · c6b29fc77ed24c56 · report
add_batch_counter_variables_or_reset yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 173eb0afc8dee3ad · report
add_flops_counter_hook_function yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · d88de65390a603d8 · report
add_flops_counter_variable_or_reset yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 7291e2414fc39a7c · report
add_flops_mask_variable_or_reset yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · b91ef999ba12a943 · report
batch_counter_hook yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 783a3673ea6c824d · report
broadcast_list KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification/models/search_cnn.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · fdfb2f691ca67d7f · report
check_error abcp4/MyDarts/evaluate.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · c2ca30b637d71983 · report
conv_flops_counter_hook yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 6026b9cfab060500 · report
cost_spec_fail_fn eml-eda/plinio/plinio/methods/dnas_base/dnas.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 449ff7bcf8c77687 · report
count_flops yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 4c9238035908a0c5 · report
darts leopard-ai/betty/betty/hypergradient/darts.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · b0b0de30a7362ade · report
data_transforms khanrc/pt.darts/preproc.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 1d6c0c0dff1c1274 · report
data_transforms KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification/preproc.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · d0f2a7ef561ff07b · report
data_transforms abcp4/MyDarts/preproc.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 1110ae3cbc865a46 · report
data_transforms grtzsohalf/pt.darts/preproc.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 95b3a859cdfee2ba · report
draw_genotype guoyongcs/NATv2/search_model.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · c46deee1e736eaae · report
drop_path_ KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification/models/ops.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 654a527a9f7f0bc9 · report
from_str KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification/genotypes.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 240f9fa3a917804a · report
get_logger grtzsohalf/pt.darts/utils.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · 93204f7c934e37f7 · report
get_variable guoyongcs/NATv2/search_model.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 6082264c825e7da5 · report
init_weights anonNo2/MulTeacher-KD/models/search_cnn.py community (archive-listed) unverified no licence file found · pointer only · 83dfb85749461668 · report
parse KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification/genotypes.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · ae11f865c7d70581 · report
parse_gpus KnightZhang625/DARTS_NAS_TextClassification/config.py community (archive-listed) unverified MIT (permissive) · b5c1496bb0f182ff · report
postForward yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · da592cd224bc55cc · report
preForward yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 3c8370b4de6b45d4 · report
remove_batch_counter_hook_function yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · b5791945515aff0f · report
remove_flops_counter_hook_function yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 301be1e294a85cd5 · report
reset_flops_count yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 5c6b0a6fdaccf9a1 · report
start_flops_count yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · eec1f0b357cbc6af · report
stop_flops_count yochaiz/darts-UNIQ/cnn/MixedLayer.py community (archive-listed) unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · c7acf088af12c11a · report

Tasks

General ClassificationImage ClassificationLanguage ModelingLanguage ModellingNeural Architecture SearchReinforcement LearningReinforcement Learning (RL)image-classificationreinforcement-learning

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Language Modelling Penn Treebank (Word Level) Differentiable NAS Params 23M #26 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Language Modelling Penn Treebank (Word Level) Differentiable NAS Test perplexity 56.1 #26 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Language Modelling Penn Treebank (Word Level) Differentiable NAS Validation perplexity 58.3 #26 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 DARTS (second order) Parameters 3.3 #31 of 41 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 DARTS (second order) Search Time (GPU days) 4 #31 of 41 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 DARTS (second order) Top-1 Error Rate 2.76% #31 of 41 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 DARTS (first order) Parameters 3.3 #34 of 41 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 DARTS (first order) Search Time (GPU days) 1.5 #34 of 41 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 DARTS (first order) Top-1 Error Rate 3% #34 of 41 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 Image Classification DARTS + c/o Params 3.4M #16 of 19 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 Image Classification DARTS + c/o Percentage error 2.83 #16 of 19 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search CIFAR-10 Image Classification DARTS + c/o Search Time (GPU days) 4 #16 of 19 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search ImageNet DARTS Accuracy 73.3 #124 of 135 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search ImageNet DARTS MACs 595M #124 of 135 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search ImageNet DARTS Params 4.9 #124 of 135 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search ImageNet DARTS Top-1 Error Rate 26.7 #124 of 135 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search NAS-Bench-201, ImageNet-16-120 DARTS (first order) Accuracy (Test) 16.43 #42 of 49 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search NAS-Bench-201, ImageNet-16-120 DARTS (first order) Search time (s) 10890 #42 of 49 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search NAS-Bench-201, ImageNet-16-120 DARTS (second order) Accuracy (Test) 16.43 #44 of 49 Archive leaderboard report
Neural Architecture Search NAS-Bench-201, ImageNet-16-120 DARTS (second order) Search time (s) 29902 #44 of 49 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

Methods

Introduced by this paper: DARTS, Differentiable NAS

DARTSDifferentiable NAS

Report a problem or propose a change · a person checks every report against the paper or source before anything changes; decisions are listed on /corrections