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All Grains, One Scheme (AGOS): Learning Multi-grain Instance Representation for Aerial Scene Classification

6 May 2022IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 2022 5arXiv:2205.03371archive 2025-07-28

Qi Bi, Beichen Zhou, Kun Qin, Qinghao Ye, Gui-Song Xia

Aerial scene classification remains challenging as: 1) the size of key objects in determining the scene scheme varies greatly; 2) many objects irrelevant to the scene scheme are often flooded in the image. Hence, how to effectively perceive the region of interests (RoIs) from a variety of sizes and build more discriminative representation from such complicated object distribution is vital to understand an aerial scene. In this paper, we propose a novel all grains, one scheme (AGOS) framework to tackle these challenges. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first work to extend the classic multiple instance learning into multi-grain formulation. Specially, it consists of a multi-grain perception module (MGP), a multi-branch multi-instance representation module (MBMIR) and a self-aligned semantic fusion (SSF) module. Firstly, our MGP preserves the differential dilated convolutional features from the backbone, which magnifies the discriminative information from multi-grains. Then, our MBMIR highlights the key instances in the multi-grain representation under the MIL formulation. Finally, our SSF allows our framework to learn the same scene scheme from multi-grain instance representations and fuses them, so that the entire framework is optimized as a whole. Notably, our AGOS is flexible and can be easily adapted to existing CNNs in a plug-and-play manner. Extensive experiments on UCM, AID and NWPU benchmarks demonstrate that our AGOS achieves a comparable performance against the state-of-the-art methods.

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Tasks

Aerial Scene ClassificationAllImage ClassificationMultiple Instance LearningScene ClassificationScene Recognition

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Image Classification RESISC45 AGOS Top 1 Accuracy 94.91 #7 of 20 Archive leaderboard report
Scene Classification UC Merced Land Use Dataset AGOS Accuracy (%) 99.88 #2 of 6 Archive leaderboard report
Scene Recognition AID AGOS Accuracy 97.43 #1 of 3 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

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