Papers › TruFor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localization

TruFor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localization

21 Dec 2022CVPR 2023 1arXiv:2212.10957archive 2025-07-28

Fabrizio Guillaro, Davide Cozzolino, Avneesh Sud, Nicholas Dufour, Luisa Verdoliva

In this paper we present TruFor, a forensic framework that can be applied to a large variety of image manipulation methods, from classic cheapfakes to more recent manipulations based on deep learning. We rely on the extraction of both high-level and low-level traces through a transformer-based fusion architecture that combines the RGB image and a learned noise-sensitive fingerprint. The latter learns to embed the artifacts related to the camera internal and external processing by training only on real data in a self-supervised manner. Forgeries are detected as deviations from the expected regular pattern that characterizes each pristine image. Looking for anomalies makes the approach able to robustly detect a variety of local manipulations, ensuring generalization. In addition to a pixel-level localization map and a whole-image integrity score, our approach outputs a reliability map that highlights areas where localization predictions may be error-prone. This is particularly important in forensic applications in order to reduce false alarms and allow for a large scale analysis. Extensive experiments on several datasets show that our method is able to reliably detect and localize both cheapfakes and deepfakes manipulations outperforming state-of-the-art works. Code is publicly available at https://grip-unina.github.io/TruFor/

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Tasks

AllImage Forgery DetectionImage ManipulationImage Manipulation DetectionImage Manipulation Localization

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Image Manipulation Detection COVERAGE TruFor AUC .770 #3 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection COVERAGE TruFor Balanced Accuracy .680 #3 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection Casia V1+ TruFor AUC .916 #4 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection Casia V1+ TruFor Balanced Accuracy .813 #4 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection CocoGlide TruFor AUC .752 #3 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection CocoGlide TruFor Balanced Accuracy .639 #3 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection Columbia TruFor AUC .996 #1 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection Columbia TruFor Balanced Accuracy .984 #1 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection DSO-1 TruFor AUC .984 #2 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Detection DSO-1 TruFor Balanced Accuracy .930 #2 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization CASIAv1(Protoclo-CAT) Trufor Pixel Binary F1 0.818 #2 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization COVERAGE TruFor Average Pixel F1(Fixed threshold) .600 #4 of 11 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization COVERAGE(Protocol-CAT) Trufor Pixel Binary F1 0.457 #4 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization Casia V1+ TruFor Average Pixel F1(Fixed threshold) .737 #7 of 11 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization CocoGlide TruFor Average Pixel F1(Fixed threshold) .523 #5 of 11 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization Columbia TruFor Average Pixel F1(Fixed threshold) .859 #5 of 11 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization Columbia(Protocol-CAT) Trufor Pixel Binary F1 0.885 #4 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization DSO-1 TruFor Average Pixel F1(Fixed threshold) .930 #1 of 11 Archive leaderboard report
Image Manipulation Localization NIST16(Protocol-CAT) Trufor Pixel Binary F1 0.348 #5 of 8 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

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