Papers › Triple and Quadruple Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation at z ∼2
Triple and Quadruple Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation at z ∼2
Calvin Hoffman, Nianyi Chen, Tiziana Di Matteo, Yueying Ni, Simeon Bird, Rupert Croft, Abraham Loeb
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We use the ASTRID cosmological hydrodynamic simulation to investigate the properties and evolution of triple and quadruple Massive Black Hole (MBH) systems at z = 2-3. Only a handful of MBH tuple systems have been detected to date. In ASTRID, we find 4% of the M_(BH)>10⁷ M_⊙ are in tuples with Δrₘₐₓ < 200 kpc. The tuple systems span a range of separations with the majority of the observable AGN systems at Δr ∼50-100 kpc. They include some of the most massive BHs (up to 10¹⁰ M_⊙) but with at least one of the components of M_(BH) ∼10⁷ M_⊙. Tuples' host galaxies are typically massive with M_* ∼10¹⁰⁻¹¹ M_⊙. We find that >10% massive halos with Mₕₐₗₒ > 10¹³ M_⊙ host MBH tuples. Following the subsequent interactions between MBHs in tuples, we found that in ∼5% of the triplets all three MBHs merge within a Gyr, and 15% go through one merger. As a by-product of the complex multi-galaxy interaction of these systems, we also find that up to ∼5% of tuples lead to runaway MBHs. In ASTRID, virtually all of the ultramassive black holes (>10¹⁰ M_⊙) have undergone a triple quasar phase while for BHs with M_(BH) ∼10⁹ M_⊙ this fraction drops to 50%.
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