Papers › The Gaia-Kepler Stellar Properties Catalog. II. Planet Radius Demographics as a...
The Gaia-Kepler Stellar Properties Catalog. II. Planet Radius Demographics as a Function of Stellar Mass and Age
Travis A. Berger, Daniel Huber, Eric Gaidos, Jennifer L. van Saders, Lauren M. Weiss
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Studies of exoplanet demographics require large samples and precise constraints on exoplanet host stars. Using the homogeneous Kepler stellar properties derived using Gaia Data Release 2 by Berger et al. (2020), we re-compute Kepler planet radii and incident fluxes and investigate their distributions with stellar mass and age. We measure the stellar mass dependence of the planet radius valley to be d logRₚ/d logM_⋆ = 0.26^(+0.21)_(-0.16), consistent with the slope predicted by a planet mass dependence on stellar mass (0.24-0.35) and core-powered mass-loss (0.33). We also find first evidence of a stellar age dependence of the planet populations straddling the radius valley. Specifically, we determine that the fraction of super-Earths (1-1.8 R_⊕) to sub-Neptunes (1.8-3.5 R_⊕) increases from 0.61 ±0.09 at young ages (< 1 Gyr) to 1.00 ±0.10 at old ages (> 1 Gyr), consistent with the prediction by core-powered mass-loss that the mechanism shaping the radius valley operates over Gyr timescales. Additionally, we find a tentative decrease in the radii of relatively cool (Fₚ < 150 F_⊕) sub-Neptunes over Gyr timescales, which suggests that these planets may possess H/He envelopes instead of higher mean molecular weight atmospheres. We confirm the existence of planets within the hot sub-Neptunian "desert" (2.2 < Rₚ < 3.8 R_⊕, Fₚ > 650 F_⊕) and show that these planets are preferentially orbiting more evolved stars compared to other planets at similar incident fluxes. In addition, we identify candidates for cool (Fₚ < 20 F_⊕) inflated Jupiters, present a revised list of habitable zone candidates, and find that the ages of single- and multiple-transiting planet systems are statistically indistinguishable.
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