Papers › The Circumstellar Environments of Double-Peaked, Calcium-strong Supernovae 2021gno and 2021inl
The Circumstellar Environments of Double-Peaked, Calcium-strong Supernovae 2021gno and 2021inl
Wynn Jacobson-Galán, Padma Venkatraman, Raffaella Margutti, David Khatami, Giacomo Terreran, Ryan J. Foley, Rodrigo Angulo, Charlotte R. Angus, Katie Auchettl, Peter K. Blanchard, Alexey Bobrick, Joe S. Bright, Cirilla D. Couch, David A. Coulter, Karoli Clever, Kyle W. Davis, Thomas de Boer, Lindsay DeMarchi, Sierra A. Dodd, David O. Jones, Jessica Johnson, Charles D. Kilpatrick, Nandita Khetan, Zhisen Lai, Danial Langeroodi, Chien-Cheng Lin, Eugene A. Magnier, Dan Milisavljevic, Hagai B. Perets, Justin D. R. Pierel, John Raymond, Sofia Rest, Armin Rest, Ryan Ridden-Harper, Ken J. Shen, Matthew R. Siebert, Carli Smith, Kirsty Taggart, Samaporn Tinyanont, Frank Valdes, Victoria A. Villar, Qinan Wang, S. Karthik Yadavalli, Yossef Zenati, Alfredo Zenteno
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We present panchromatic observations and modeling of calcium-strong supernovae (SNe) 2021gno in the star-forming host galaxy NGC 4165 (D = 30.5 Mpc) and 2021inl in the outskirts of elliptical galaxy NGC 4923 (D = 80 Mpc), both monitored through the Young Supernova Experiment (YSE) transient survey. The multi-color light curves of both SNe show two peaks, the former peak being derived from shock cooling emission (SCE) and/or shock interaction with circumstellar material (CSM). The primary peak in SN 2021gno is coincident with luminous, rapidly decaying X-ray emission (Lₓ = 5 ×10⁴¹ erg s⁻¹) detected by Swift-XRT at δt = 1 day after explosion, this observation being the second ever detection of X-rays from a calcium-strong transient. We interpret the X-ray emission from SN 2021gno in the context of shock interaction with dense CSM that extends to r < 3 ×10¹⁴ cm. Based on modeling of the SN 2021gno X-ray spectrum, we calculate a CSM mass range of M_(CSM) = (0.3 - 1.6) ×10⁻³ M_⊙ and particle densities of n = (1-4) ×10¹⁰ cm⁻³. Radio non-detections of SN 2021gno indicate a low-density environment at larger radii (r > 10¹⁶ cm) and a progenitor mass loss rate of Ṁ < 10⁻⁴ M_⊙ yr⁻¹, for v_w = 500 km s⁻¹. For radiation derived from SCE, modeling of the primary light curve peak in both SNe indicates an extended progenitor envelope mass and radius of Mₑ = 0.02 - 0.05 M_⊙ and Rₑ = 30 - 230 R_⊙. The explosion properties of SNe 2021gno and 2021inl suggest progenitor systems containing either a low-mass massive star or a white dwarf (WD), the former being unlikely for either object given the lack of star formation at both explosion sites. Furthermore, the progenitor environments of both SNe are consistent with explosion models for low-mass hybrid He/C/O WD + C/O WD binaries.
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