Papers › Stimulating Diffusion Model for Image Denoising via Adaptive Embedding and Ensembling

Stimulating Diffusion Model for Image Denoising via Adaptive Embedding and Ensembling

8 Jul 2023arXiv:2307.03992archive 2025-07-28

Tong Li, Hansen Feng, Lizhi Wang, Zhiwei Xiong, Hua Huang

Image denoising is a fundamental problem in computational photography, where achieving high perception with low distortion is highly demanding. Current methods either struggle with perceptual quality or suffer from significant distortion. Recently, the emerging diffusion model has achieved state-of-the-art performance in various tasks and demonstrates great potential for image denoising. However, stimulating diffusion models for image denoising is not straightforward and requires solving several critical problems. For one thing, the input inconsistency hinders the connection between diffusion models and image denoising. For another, the content inconsistency between the generated image and the desired denoised image introduces distortion. To tackle these problems, we present a novel strategy called the Diffusion Model for Image Denoising (DMID) by understanding and rethinking the diffusion model from a denoising perspective. Our DMID strategy includes an adaptive embedding method that embeds the noisy image into a pre-trained unconditional diffusion model and an adaptive ensembling method that reduces distortion in the denoised image. Our DMID strategy achieves state-of-the-art performance on both distortion-based and perception-based metrics, for both Gaussian and real-world image denoising.The code is available at https://github.com/Li-Tong-621/DMID.

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Code

li-tong-621/dmid officialmentioned in papermentioned on GitHubpytorch report

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Tasks

Color Image DenoisingDenoisingImage Denoising

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma100 DMID-p LPIPS 0.208 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma100 DMID-p PSNR 23.94 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma100 DMID-p SSIM 0.7840 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma100 DMID-d LPIPS 0.283 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma100 DMID-d PSNR 25.96 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma100 DMID-d SSIM 0.8413 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma15 DMID-d PSNR 34.45 #3 of 10 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma150 DMID-p LPIPS 0.264 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma150 DMID-p PSNR 22.47 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma150 DMID-p SSIM 0.7314 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma150 DMID-d LPIPS 0.361 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma150 DMID-d PSNR 24.54 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma150 DMID-d SSIM 0.8001 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma200 DMID-p LPIPS 0.312 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma200 DMID-p PSNR 21.37 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma200 DMID-p SSIM 0.6842 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma200 DMID-d LPIPS 0.392 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma200 DMID-d PSNR 23.57 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma200 DMID-d SSIM 0.7686 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma25 DMID-d PSNR 31.86 #2 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma250 DMID-p LPIPS 0.352 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma250 DMID-p PSNR 20.77 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma250 DMID-p SSIM 0.6610 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma250 DMID-d LPIPS 0.455 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma250 DMID-d PSNR 22.88 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma250 DMID-d SSIM 0.7462 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-d (MMSE) LPIPS 0.162 #3 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-d (MMSE) PSNR 28.69 #3 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-d (MMSE) SSIM 0.9029 #3 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-d PSNR 28.69 #4 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-p LPIPS 0.122 #16 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-p PSNR 26.63 #16 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising CBSD68 sigma50 DMID-p SSIM 0.8605 #16 of 18 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma100 DMID-p LPIPS 0.156 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma100 DMID-p PSNR 24.61 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma100 DMID-p SSIM 0.7987 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma100 DMID-d LPIPS 0.201 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma100 DMID-d PSNR 27.00 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma100 DMID-d SSIM 0.8626 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma150 DMID-p LPIPS 0.259 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma150 DMID-p PSNR 22.94 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma150 DMID-p SSIM 0.6932 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma150 DMID-d LPIPS 0.295 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma150 DMID-d PSNR 25.39 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma150 DMID-d SSIM 0.8236 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma200 DMID-p LPIPS 0.259 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma200 DMID-p PSNR 21.56 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma200 DMID-p SSIM 0.6932 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma200 DMID-d LPIPS 0.295 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma200 DMID-d PSNR 24.25 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma200 DMID-d SSIM 0.7915 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma250 DMID-p LPIPS 0.289 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma250 DMID-p PSNR 20.87 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma250 DMID-p SSIM 0.6701 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma250 DMID-d LPIPS 0.346 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma250 DMID-d PSNR 23.44 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma250 DMID-d SSIM 0.7675 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma50 DMID-p LPIPS 0.087 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma50 DMID-p PSNR 27.59 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma50 DMID-p SSIM 0.8722 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma50 DMID-d LPIPS 0.114 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma50 DMID-d PSNR 29.9 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising ImageNet sigma50 DMID-d SSIM 0.9157 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak sigma50 DMID-d PSNR 30.14 #1 of 1 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma100 DMID-p LPIPS 0.211 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma100 DMID-p PSNR 25.31 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma100 DMID-p SSIM 0.8107 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma100 DMID-d LPIPS 0.274 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma100 DMID-d PSNR 27.5 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma100 DMID-d SSIM 0.8682 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma15 DMID-d PSNR 35.51 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma150 DMID-p LPIPS 0.211 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma150 DMID-p PSNR 24.06 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma150 DMID-p SSIM 0.7707 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma150 DMID-d LPIPS 0.348 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma150 DMID-d PSNR 26.08 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma150 DMID-d SSIM 0.8336 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma200 DMID-p LPIPS 0.318 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma200 DMID-p PSNR 22.99 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma200 DMID-p SSIM 0.7311 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma200 DMID-d LPIPS 0.382 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma200 DMID-d PSNR 25.08 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma200 DMID-d SSIM 0.8054 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma25 DMID-d PSNR 33.12 #1 of 3 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma250 DMID-p LPIPS 0.356 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma250 DMID-p PSNR 22.44 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma250 DMID-p SSIM 0.7133 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma250 DMID-d LPIPS 0.446 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma250 DMID-d PSNR 24.4 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma250 DMID-d SSIM 0.7853 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma50 DMID-d(MMSE) LPIPS 0.172 #1 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma50 DMID-d(MMSE) PSNR 30.13 #1 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma50 DMID-d(MMSE) SSIM 0.9174 #1 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma50 DMID-p LPIPS 0.131 #9 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma50 DMID-p PSNR 27.9 #9 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Kodak24 sigma50 DMID-p SSIM 0.8770 #9 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma100 DMID-p LPIPS 0.158 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma100 DMID-p PSNR 25.37 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma100 DMID-p SSIM 0.8560 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma100 DMID-d LPIPS 0.206 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma100 DMID-d PSNR 27.57 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma100 DMID-d SSIM 0.8990 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma15 DMID-d PSNR 35.72 #2 of 4 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma150 DMID-p LPIPS 0.209 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma150 DMID-p PSNR 23.72 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma150 DMID-p SSIM 0.8148 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma150 DMID-d LPIPS 0.267 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma150 DMID-d PSNR 25.89 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma150 DMID-d SSIM 0.8672 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma200 DMID-p LPIPS 0.252 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma200 DMID-p PSNR 22.51 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma200 DMID-p SSIM 0.7816 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma200 DMID-d LPIPS 0.303 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma200 DMID-d PSNR 24.68 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma200 DMID-d SSIM 0.8392 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma25 DMID-d PSNR 33.49 #2 of 4 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma250 DMID-p LPIPS 0.290 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma250 DMID-p PSNR 21.73 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma250 DMID-p SSIM 0.7553 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma250 DMID-d LPIPS 0.359 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma250 DMID-d PSNR 23.81 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma250 DMID-d SSIM 0.8174 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma50 DMID-d PSNR 30.51 #2 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma50 DMID-p LPIPS 0.092 #6 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma50 DMID-p PSNR 28.34 #6 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma50 DMID-p SSIM 0.9112 #6 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma50 DMID-d(MMSE) LPIPS 0.124 #7 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising McMaster sigma50 DMID-d(MMSE) SSIM 0.9396 #7 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Urban100 sigma25 DMID-d PSNR 33.11 #3 of 6 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising Urban100 sigma50 DMID-d PSNR 30.28 #2 of 9 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising urban100 sigma15 DMID-d Average PSNR 35.26 #2 of 8 Archive leaderboard report
Color Image Denoising urban100 sigma15 DMID-d PSNR 35.26 #2 of 8 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

Methods

Diffusion

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