Papers › ProoFVer: Natural Logic Theorem Proving for Fact Verification

ProoFVer: Natural Logic Theorem Proving for Fact Verification

25 Aug 2021arXiv:2108.11357archive 2025-07-28

Amrith Krishna, Sebastian Riedel, Andreas Vlachos

Fact verification systems typically rely on neural network classifiers for veracity prediction which lack explainability. This paper proposes ProoFVer, which uses a seq2seq model to generate natural logic-based inferences as proofs. These proofs consist of lexical mutations between spans in the claim and the evidence retrieved, each marked with a natural logic operator. Claim veracity is determined solely based on the sequence of these operators. Hence, these proofs are faithful explanations, and this makes ProoFVer faithful by construction. Currently, ProoFVer has the highest label accuracy and the second-best Score in the FEVER leaderboard. Furthermore, it improves by 13.21% points over the next best model on a dataset with counterfactual instances, demonstrating its robustness. As explanations, the proofs show better overlap with human rationales than attention-based highlights and the proofs help humans predict model decisions correctly more often than using the evidence directly.

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Code

krishnamrith12/proofver officialmentioned in paperpytorch report

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Tasks

Automated Theorem ProvingDecision MakingFact VerificationNatural Language Inference

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Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Fact Verification FEVER ProoFVer-SB Accuracy 79.47 #1 of 7 Archive leaderboard report
Fact Verification FEVER ProoFVer-SB FEVER 76.82 #1 of 7 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

Methods

LSTMSeq2SeqSigmoid ActivationTanh Activation

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