Papers › p-winds: an open-source Python code to model planetary outflows and upper atmospheres
p-winds: an open-source Python code to model planetary outflows and upper atmospheres
Leonardo A. Dos Santos, Aline A. Vidotto, Shreyas Vissapragada, Munazza K. Alam, Romain Allart, Vincent Bourrier, James Kirk, Julia V. Seidel, David Ehrenreich
The archive published only this paper's code-link row. Authors, date and abstract are from arXiv's metadata (CC0), read from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12 where its title matched the archive's; the title is the archive's.
Atmospheric escape is considered to be one of the main channels for evolution in sub-Jovian planets, particularly in their early lives. While there are several hypotheses proposed to explain escape in exoplanets, testing them with atmospheric observations remains a challenge. In this context, high-resolution transmission spectroscopy of transiting exoplanets for the metastable helium triplet (He 2³S) at 1 083 nm has emerged as a reliable technique to observe and measure escape. To aid in the prediction and interpretation of metastable He transmission spectroscopy observations, we developed the code p-winds. This is an open-source, fully documented, scalable Python implementation of the one-dimensional, purely H+He Parker wind model for upper atmospheres coupled with ionization balance, ray-tracing, and radiative transfer routines. We demonstrate an atmospheric retrieval by fitting p-winds models to the observed metastable He transmission spectrum of the warm Neptune HAT-P-11 b, and take into account the variation of the in-transit absorption caused by transit geometry. For this planet, our best fit yields a total atmospheric escape rate of approximately 2.5 ×10¹⁰ g s⁻¹ and wind temperature of $7200$ K. The range of retrieved mass loss rates increases significantly when we let the H atom fraction be a free parameter, but the posterior distribution of the latter remains unconstrained by He observations alone. The stellar host limb darkening does not have a significant impact in the retrieved escape rate or outflow temperature for HAT-P-11 b. Based on the non-detection of escaping He for GJ 436 b, we are able to rule out total escape rates higher than 3.4 ×10¹⁰ g s⁻¹ at 99.7% (3σ) confidence.
Code
Repository list and official/mentioned flags are the archive's, frozen 2025-07-28. Reachability, where shown, is from one Syntology probe window (2026-09-16 to 2026-09-18); repositories not probed show nothing. GitHub stars are not tracked.
Code Syntology ran Syntology
Not run by Syntology. Nothing on this page verifies that the listed code works.
Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28
No leaderboard rows for this paper in the archive.
Report a problem or propose a change · a person checks every report against the paper or source before anything changes; decisions are listed on /corrections