Papers › Near-infrared emission line diagnostics for AGN from the local Universe to redshift 3
Near-infrared emission line diagnostics for AGN from the local Universe to redshift 3
Antonello Calabrò, Laura Pentericci, Anna Feltre, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Mario Radovich, Lise Marie Seillé, Ernesto Oliva, Emanuele Daddi, Ricardo Amorín, Micaela B. Bagley, Laura Bisigello, Véronique Buat, Marco Castellano, Nikko Cleri, Mark Dickinson, Vital Fernández, Steven Finkelstein, Mauro Giavalisco, Andrea Grazian, Nimish Hathi, Michaela Hirschmann, Stéphanie Juneau, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Anton Koekemoer, Ray A. Lucas, Casey Papovich, Pablo Pérez-González, Nor Pirzkal, Paola Santini, Jonathan Trump, Alexander de la Vega, Stephen Wilkins, L. Y. Aaron Yung, Paolo Cassata, Raphael Gobat, Sara Mascia, Lorenzo Napolitano, Benedetta Vulcani
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Optical rest-frame spectroscopic diagnostics are usually employed to distinguish between star formation and AGN-powered emission. However, this method is biased against dusty sources, hampering a complete census of the AGN population across cosmic epochs. To mitigate this effect, it is crucial to observe at longer wavelengths in the rest-frame near-infrared (near-IR), which is less affected by dust attenuation and can thus provide a better description of the intrinsic properties of galaxies. AGN diagnostics in this regime have not been fully exploited so far, due to the scarcity of near-IR observations of both AGNs and star-forming galaxies, especially at redshifts higher than 0.5. Using Cloudy photoionization models, we identify new AGN - star formation diagnostics based on the ratio of bright near-infrared emission lines, namely [SIII] 9530 Angstrom, [CI] 9850 Angstrom, [PII] 1.188 μm, [FeII] 1.257 μm, and [FeII] 1.64 μm to Paschen lines (either Paγ or Paβ), providing simple, analytical classification criteria. We apply these diagnostics to a sample of 64 star-forming galaxies and AGNs at 0 < z < 1, and 65 sources at 1 < z < 3 recently observed with JWST-NIRSpec in CEERS. We find that the classification inferred from the near-infrared is broadly consistent with the optical one based on the BPT and the [SII]/Hα ratio. However, in the near-infrared, we find ∼60 % more AGNs than in the optical (13 instead of 8), with 5 sources classified as 'hidden' AGNs, showing a larger AGN contribution at longer wavelengths, possibly due to the presence of optically thick dust. The diagnostics we present provide a promising tool to find and characterize AGNs from z=0 to z=3 with low and medium-resolution near-IR spectrographs in future surveys.
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