Papers › Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice
Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice
Ian R. White, Patrick Royston, Angela M. Wood
Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) is a flexible and practical approach to handling missing data. We describe the principles of the method and show how to impute categorical and quantitative variables, including skewed variables. We give guidance on how to specify the imputation model and how many imputations are needed. We describe the practical analysis of multiply imputed data, including model building and model checking. We stress the limitations of the method and discuss the possible pitfalls. We illustrate the ideas using a data set in mental health, giving Stata code fragments.
Code
Repository list and official/mentioned flags are the archive's, frozen 2025-07-28. Reachability, where shown, is from one Syntology probe window (2026-09-16 to 2026-09-18); repositories not probed show nothing. GitHub stars are not tracked.
Code Syntology ran Syntology
Not run by Syntology. Nothing on this page verifies that the listed code works.
Tasks
Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28
| Task | Dataset | Model | Metric | Value | Rank at snapshot | Leaderboard | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariate Time Series Imputation | Beijing Multi-Site Air-Quality Dataset | MICE | MAE (PM2.5) | 27.42 | #6 of 6 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Multivariate Time Series Imputation | KDD CUP Challenge 2018 | MICE | MSE (10% missing) | 0.468 | #4 of 4 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Multivariate Time Series Imputation | PhysioNet Challenge 2012 | MICE | MAE (10% of data as GT) | 0.634 | #5 of 9 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Multivariate Time Series Imputation | UCI localization data | MICE | MAE (10% missing) | 0.477 | #4 of 5 | Archive leaderboard | report |
Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.
Report a problem or propose a change · a person checks every report against the paper or source before anything changes; decisions are listed on /corrections