Papers › Learning Reasoning Strategies in End-to-End Differentiable Proving
Learning Reasoning Strategies in End-to-End Differentiable Proving
Pasquale Minervini, Sebastian Riedel, Pontus Stenetorp, Edward Grefenstette, Tim Rocktäschel
Attempts to render deep learning models interpretable, data-efficient, and robust have seen some success through hybridisation with rule-based systems, for example, in Neural Theorem Provers (NTPs). These neuro-symbolic models can induce interpretable rules and learn representations from data via back-propagation, while providing logical explanations for their predictions. However, they are restricted by their computational complexity, as they need to consider all possible proof paths for explaining a goal, thus rendering them unfit for large-scale applications. We present Conditional Theorem Provers (CTPs), an extension to NTPs that learns an optimal rule selection strategy via gradient-based optimisation. We show that CTPs are scalable and yield state-of-the-art results on the CLUTRR dataset, which tests systematic generalisation of neural models by learning to reason over smaller graphs and evaluating on larger ones. Finally, CTPs show better link prediction results on standard benchmarks in comparison with other neural-symbolic models, while being explainable. All source code and datasets are available online, at https://github.com/uclnlp/ctp.
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Tasks
Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28
| Task | Dataset | Model | Metric | Value | Rank at snapshot | Leaderboard | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 10 Hops | 0.90 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 4 Hops | 0.99 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 5 Hops | 0.99 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 6 Hops | 0.99 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 7 Hops | 0.96 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 8 Hops | 0.94 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
| Relational Reasoning | CLUTRR (k=3) | CTP A | 9 Hops | 0.89 | #1 of 1 | Archive leaderboard | report |
Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.
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