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KiDS+VIKING+GAMA: Halo occupation distributions and correlations of satellite numbers with a new halo model of the galaxy-matter bispectrum for galaxy-galaxy-galaxy lensing
Laila Linke, Patrick Simon, Peter Schneider, Daniel J. Farrow, Jens Rödiger, Angus H. Wright
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Halo models and halo occupation distributions (HODs) are important tools to model the galaxy and matter distribution. We present and assess a new method for constraining the parameters of HODs using the gravitational lensing shear around galaxy pairs, galaxy-galaxy-galaxy-lensing (G3L). In contrast to galaxy-galaxy-lensing, G3L is sensitive to correlations between the per-halo numbers of galaxies from different populations. We use G3L to probe these correlations and test the default hypothesis that they are negligible. We derive a halo model for G3L and validate it with realistic mock data from the Millennium Simulation and a semi-analytic galaxy model. Then, we analyse public data from the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS), the VISTA Infrared Kilo-Degree Galaxy Survey (VIKING) and data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly Survey (GAMA) to infer the HODs of galaxies at z<0.5 in five different stellar mass bins between 10^(8.5)h⁻² M_⊙ and 10^(11.5)h⁻² M_⊙ and two colours (red and blue), as well as correlations between satellite numbers. The analysis recovers the true HODs in the simulated data within the 68% credibility range. The inferred HODs vary significantly with colour and stellar mass. There is also strong evidence (>3σ) for correlations, increasing with halo mass, between the numbers of red and blue satellites and galaxies with stellar masses below $10^{10} \Msun. Possible causes of these correlations are the selection of similar galaxies in different samples, the survey flux limit, or physical mechanisms like a fixed ratio between the satellite numbers of distinct populations. The decorrelation for halos with smaller masses is probably an effect of shot noise by low-occupancy halos. The inferred HODs can be used to complement galaxy-galaxy-lensing or galaxy clustering HOD studies or as input to cosmological analyses and improved mock galaxy catalogues.
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