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Implicit differentiation with second-order derivatives and benchmarks in finite-element-based differentiable physics

19 May 2025arXiv:2505.12646links table onlyarchive 2025-07-28

Tianju Xue

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Differentiable programming is revolutionizing computational science by enabling automatic differentiation (AD) of numerical simulations. While first-order gradients are well-established, second-order derivatives (Hessians) for implicit functions in finite-element-based differentiable physics remain underexplored. This work bridges this gap by deriving and implementing a framework for implicit Hessian computation in PDE-constrained optimization problems. We leverage primitive AD tools (Jacobian-vector product/vector-Jacobian product) to build an algorithm for Hessian-vector products and validate the accuracy against finite difference approximations. Four benchmarks spanning linear/nonlinear, 2D/3D, and single/coupled-variable problems demonstrate the utility of second-order information. Results show that the Newton-CG method with exact Hessians accelerates convergence for nonlinear inverse problems (e.g., traction force identification, shape optimization), while the L-BFGS-B method suffices for linear cases. Our work provides a robust foundation for integrating second-order implicit differentiation into differentiable physics engines, enabling faster and more reliable optimization.

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