Papers › HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering

HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering

25 Sep 2018EMNLP 2018 10arXiv:1809.09600archive 2025-07-28

Zhilin Yang, Peng Qi, Saizheng Zhang, Yoshua Bengio, William W. Cohen, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Christopher D. Manning

Existing question answering (QA) datasets fail to train QA systems to perform complex reasoning and provide explanations for answers. We introduce HotpotQA, a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key features: (1) the questions require finding and reasoning over multiple supporting documents to answer; (2) the questions are diverse and not constrained to any pre-existing knowledge bases or knowledge schemas; (3) we provide sentence-level supporting facts required for reasoning, allowing QA systems to reason with strong supervision and explain the predictions; (4) we offer a new type of factoid comparison questions to test QA systems' ability to extract relevant facts and perform necessary comparison. We show that HotpotQA is challenging for the latest QA systems, and the supporting facts enable models to improve performance and make explainable predictions.

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hotpotqa/hotpot officialpytorchApache-2.0 report
mangopy/direct-rag-learning mentioned on GitHubpytorchApache-2.0 report

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exact_match_score hotpotqa/hotpot/hotpot_evaluate_v1.py official repository ran · violated contract Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 9d0dc82a4491f803 · report
f1_score hotpotqa/hotpot/hotpot_evaluate_v1.py official repository ran · honoured contract Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 32a5f1733d9a8971 · report
normalize_answer hotpotqa/hotpot/hotpot_evaluate_v1.py official repository ran · our draft was wrong fingerprinted Apache-2.0 (permissive) · dae7ab386661a4f4 · report
find_nearest hotpotqa/hotpot/prepro.py official repository unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 5733fa44ca6deb1f · report
fix_span hotpotqa/hotpot/prepro.py official repository unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 40e9cb6c8ca7fb3d · report
get_buckets hotpotqa/hotpot/util.py official repository unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · ffc8a36cce91c106 · report
has_digit hotpotqa/hotpot/util.py official repository unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · 2be785f92fd075df · report
prepro hotpotqa/hotpot/util.py official repository unverified Apache-2.0 (permissive) · c15e3bee3bb007b7 · report

Tasks

Multi-hop Question AnsweringQuestion AnsweringSentence

Datasets

Introduced by this paper, per the archive.

HotpotQA

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Question Answering HotpotQA SAFSR model ANS-EM 0.589 #34 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA SAFSR model ANS-F1 0.716 #34 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA SAFSR model JOINT-EM 0.345 #34 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA SAFSR model JOINT-F1 0.598 #34 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA SAFSR model SUP-EM 0.480 #34 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA SAFSR model SUP-F1 0.757 #34 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA Baseline Model ANS-EM 0.240 #64 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA Baseline Model ANS-F1 0.329 #64 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA Baseline Model JOINT-EM 0.019 #64 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA Baseline Model JOINT-F1 0.162 #64 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA Baseline Model SUP-EM 0.039 #64 of 72 Archive leaderboard report
Question Answering HotpotQA Baseline Model SUP-F1 0.377 #64 of 72 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

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