Papers › GDI: Rethinking What Makes Reinforcement Learning Different From Supervised Learning

GDI: Rethinking What Makes Reinforcement Learning Different From Supervised Learning

11 Jun 2021arXiv:2106.06232archive 2025-07-28

Jiajun Fan, Changnan Xiao, Yue Huang

Deep Q Network (DQN) firstly kicked the door of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) via combining deep learning (DL) with reinforcement learning (RL), which has noticed that the distribution of the acquired data would change during the training process. DQN found this property might cause instability for training, so it proposed effective methods to handle the downside of the property. Instead of focusing on the unfavourable aspects, we find it critical for RL to ease the gap between the estimated data distribution and the ground truth data distribution while supervised learning (SL) fails to do so. From this new perspective, we extend the basic paradigm of RL called the Generalized Policy Iteration (GPI) into a more generalized version, which is called the Generalized Data Distribution Iteration (GDI). We see massive RL algorithms and techniques can be unified into the GDI paradigm, which can be considered as one of the special cases of GDI. We provide theoretical proof of why GDI is better than GPI and how it works. Several practical algorithms based on GDI have been proposed to verify the effectiveness and extensiveness of it. Empirical experiments prove our state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on Arcade Learning Environment (ALE), wherein our algorithm has achieved 9620.98% mean human normalized score (HNS), 1146.39% median HNS and 22 human world record breakthroughs (HWRB) using only 200M training frames. Our work aims to lead the RL research to step into the journey of conquering the human world records and seek real superhuman agents on both performance and efficiency.

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Tasks

Atari GamesDeep Reinforcement LearningReinforcement LearningReinforcement Learning (RL)reinforcement-learning

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Atari Games Atari 2600 Beam Rider GDI-I3 Score 162100 #6 of 49 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Berzerk GDI-I3 Score 7607 #9 of 39 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Bowling GDI-I3 Score 201.9 #6 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Boxing GDI-H3 Score 100 #7 of 45 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Centipede GDI-I3 Score 155830 #8 of 45 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Chopper Command GDI-H3 Score 999999 #1 of 45 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Crazy Climber GDI-I3 Score 201000 #8 of 49 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Defender GDI-I3 Score 893110 #3 of 21 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Demon Attack GDI-I3 Score 675530 #2 of 46 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Double Dunk GDI-H3 Score 24 #2 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Enduro GDI-I3 Score 14330 #1 of 48 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Fishing Derby GDI-I3 Score 59 #7 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Freeway GDI-I3 Score 34 #7 of 59 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Frostbite GDI-I3 Score 10485 #10 of 53 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Gravitar GDI-I3 Score 5905 #8 of 53 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 HERO GDI-I3 Score 38330 #5 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Ice Hockey GDI-I3 Score 44.94 #5 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 James Bond GDI-I3 Score 594500 #2 of 45 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Kangaroo GDI-I3 Score 14500 #10 of 47 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Krull GDI-I3 Score 97575 #5 of 45 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Montezuma's Revenge GDI-I3 Score 3000 #11 of 50 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman GDI-I3 Score 11536 #7 of 47 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Name This Game GDI-I3 Score 34434 #6 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Phoenix GDI-I3 Score 894460 #4 of 21 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Pitfall! GDI-I3 Score 0 #14 of 23 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Private Eye GDI-I3 Score 15100 #5 of 52 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Q*Bert GDI-I3 Score 27800 #14 of 57 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Road Runner GDI-I3 Score 878600 #2 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Robotank GDI-I3 Score 108.2 #4 of 42 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Seaquest GDI-I3 Score 943910 #8 of 57 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Skiing GDI-I3 Score -6774 #19 of 23 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Solaris GDI-I3 Score 11074 #6 of 23 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Space Invaders GDI-I3 Score 140460 #4 of 55 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Star Gunner GDI-I3 Score 465750 #5 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Surround GDI-I3 Score -7.8 #14 of 15 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Tennis GDI-I3 Score 24 #1 of 43 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Time Pilot GDI-I3 Score 216770 #6 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Tutankham GDI-I3 Score 423.9 #3 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari 2600 Up and Down GDI-I3 Score 986440 #1 of 44 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari-57 GDI-H3(200M frames) Human World Record Breakthrough 22 #2 of 11 Archive leaderboard report
Atari Games Atari-57 GDI-H3(200M frames) Mean Human Normalized Score 9620.98% #2 of 11 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

Methods

ConvolutionDQNDense ConnectionsQ-Learning

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