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From Images to Dark Matter: End-To-End Inference of Substructure From Hundreds of Strong Gravitational Lenses

1 Mar 2022arXiv:2203.00690links table onlyarchive 2025-07-28

Sebastian Wagner-Carena, Jelle Aalbers, Simon Birrer, Ethan O. Nadler, Elise Darragh-Ford, Philip J. Marshall, Risa H. Wechsler

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Constraining the distribution of small-scale structure in our universe allows us to probe alternatives to the cold dark matter paradigm. Strong gravitational lensing offers a unique window into small dark matter halos (<10¹⁰ M_⊙) because these halos impart a gravitational lensing signal even if they do not host luminous galaxies. We create large datasets of strong lensing images with realistic low-mass halos, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observational effects, and galaxy light from HST's COSMOS field. Using a simulation-based inference pipeline, we train a neural posterior estimator of the subhalo mass function (SHMF) and place constraints on populations of lenses generated using a separate set of galaxy sources. We find that by combining our network with a hierarchical inference framework, we can both reliably infer the SHMF across a variety of configurations and scale efficiently to populations with hundreds of lenses. By conducting precise inference on large and complex simulated datasets, our method lays a foundation for extracting dark matter constraints from the next generation of wide-field optical imaging surveys.

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