Papers › Combining GHOST and Casper

Combining GHOST and Casper

6 Mar 2020arXiv:2003.03052links table onlyarchive 2025-07-28

Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang, Yan X Zhang

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We present "Gasper," a proof-of-stake-based consensus protocol, which is an idealized version of the proposed Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain. The protocol combines Casper FFG, a finality tool, with LMD GHOST, a fork-choice rule. We prove safety, plausible liveness, and probabilistic liveness under different sets of assumptions.

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ethereum/eth2.0-specs officialmentioned in papermentioned on GitHub report
ethereum/consensus-specs mentioned on GitHub report
pinglamb/eth2-fork-choice mentioned on GitHub report
tse-group/gasper-attack mentioned on GitHub report

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