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Broad search for gravitational waves from subsolar-mass binaries through LIGO and Virgo's third observing run
Alexander H. Nitz, Yi-Fan Wang
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We present a search for gravitational waves from the coalescence of binaries which contain at least one subsolar mass component using data from the LIGO and Virgo observatories through the completion of their third observing run. The observation of a merger with a component below 1 M_⊙ would be a clear sign of either new physics or the existence of a primordial black hole population; these black holes could also contribute to the dark matter distribution. Our search targets binaries where the primary has mass M₁ between 0.1-100M_⊙ and the secondary has mass M₂ from 0.1-1M_⊙ for M₁ < 20 M_⊙ and 0.01-1M_⊙ for M₁ ≥20 M_⊙. Sources with M₁ < 7 M_⊙, M₂ > 0.5 M_⊙ are also allowed to have orbital eccentricity up to e₁₀ ∼0.3. This search region covers from comparable to extreme mass ratio sources up to 10⁴:1. We find no statistically convincing candidates and so place new upper limits on the rate of mergers; our analysis sets the first limits for most subsolar sources with 7 M_⊙< M₁ < 20 M_⊙ and tightens limits by ∼8× (1.6×) where M₁ > 20 M_⊙ (M₁ < 7 M_⊙). Using these limits, we constrain the dark matter fraction to below 0.3 (0.7)% for 1 (0.5)M_⊙ black holes assuming a monochromatic mass function. Due to the high merger rate of primordial black holes beyond the individual source horizon distance, we also use the lack of an observed stochastic background as a complementary probe to limit the dark matter fraction. We find that although the limits are in general weaker than those from the direct search they become comparable at 0.1 M_⊙.
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