Papers › Autonomous Investigations over WS₂ and Au{111} with Scanning Probe Microscopy
Autonomous Investigations over WS₂ and Au{111} with Scanning Probe Microscopy
John C. Thomas, Antonio Rossi, Darian Smalley, Luca Francaviglia, Zhuohang Yu, Tianyi Zhang, Shalini Kumari, Joshua A. Robinson, Mauricio Terrones, Masahiro Ishigami, Eli Rotenberg, Edward S. Barnard, Archana Raja, Ed Wong, D. Frank Ogletree, Marcus M. Noack, Alexander Weber-Bargioni
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Individual atomic defects in 2D materials impact their macroscopic functionality. Correlating the interplay is challenging, however, intelligent hyperspectral scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) mapping provides a feasible solution to this technically difficult and time consuming problem. Here, dense spectroscopic volume is collected autonomously via Gaussian process regression, where convolutional neural networks are used in tandem for spectral identification. Acquired data enable defect segmentation, and a workflow is provided for machine-driven decision making during experimentation with capability for user customization. We provide a means towards autonomous experimentation for the benefit of both enhanced reproducibility and user-accessibility. Hyperspectral investigations on WS₂ sulfur vacancy sites are explored, which is combined with local density of states confirmation on the Au{111} herringbone reconstruction. Chalcogen vacancies, pristine WS₂, Au face-centered cubic, and Au hexagonal close packed regions are examined and detected by machine learning methods to demonstrate the potential of artificial intelligence for hyperspectral STS mapping.
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