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An Adversarial Generative Network Designed for High-Resolution Monocular Depth Estimation from 2D HiRISE Images of Mars

15 Aug 2022Remote Sensing 2022 8archive 2025-07-28

Riccardo La Grassa, Ignazio Gallo, Cristina Re, Gabriele Cremonese, Nicola Landro, Claudio Pernechele, Emanuele Simioni, Mattia Gatti

In computer vision, stereoscopy allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of a scene using two 2D images taken from two slightly different points of view, to extract spatial information on the depth of the scene in the form of a map of disparities. In stereophotogrammetry, the disparity map is essential in extracting the digital terrain model (DTM) and thus obtaining a 3D spatial mapping, which is necessary for a better analysis of planetary surfaces. However, the entire reconstruction process performed with the stereo-matching algorithm can be time consuming and can generate many artifacts. Coupled with the lack of adequate stereo coverage, it can pose a significant obstacle to 3D planetary mapping. Recently, many deep learning architectures have been proposed for monocular depth estimation, which aspires to predict the third dimension given a single 2D image, with considerable advantages thanks to the simplification of the reconstruction problem, leading to a significant increase in interest in deep models for the generation of super-resolution images and DTM estimation. In this paper, we combine these last two concepts into a single end-to-end model and introduce a new generative adversarial network solution that estimates the DTM at 4× resolution from a single monocular image, called SRDiNet (super-resolution depth image network). Furthermore, we introduce a sub-network able to apply a refinement using interpolated input images to better enhance the fine details of the final product, and we demonstrate the effectiveness of its benefits through three different versions of the proposal: SRDiNet with GAN approach, SRDiNet without adversarial network, and SRDiNet without the refinement learned network plus GAN approach. The results of Oxia Planum (the landing site of the European Space Agency’s Rosalind Franklin ExoMars rover 2023) are reported, applying the best model along all Oxia Planum tiles and releasing a 3D product enhanced by 4×.

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Code

gitlab.com/riccardo2468/srdinet officialmentioned in paperpytorch report

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Tasks

Depth EstimationMonocular Depth EstimationStereo MatchingSuper-Resolution

1 archive task tag without a task page not shown.

Datasets

Introduced by this paper, per the archive.

Mars DTM Estimation

Results from the paper archive 2025-07-28

TaskDatasetModelMetricValueRank at snapshotLeaderboardReport
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation GLPDepth Average PSNR 29.2636 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation GLPDepth Delta < 1.25 0.4324 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation GLPDepth Delta < 1.25^2 0.6667 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation GLPDepth Delta < 1.25^3 0.7949 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation GLPDepth RMSE 18.3042 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation GLPDepth mean absolute error 10.2905 #1 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation SRDINET (Model A) Average PSNR 15.069 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation SRDINET (Model A) Delta < 1.25 0.3967 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation SRDINET (Model A) Delta < 1.25^2 0.6731 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation SRDINET (Model A) Delta < 1.25^3 0.8208 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation SRDINET (Model A) RMSE 0.1859 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report
Depth Estimation Mars DTM Estimation SRDINET (Model A) mean absolute error 0.1558 #2 of 2 Archive leaderboard report

Ranks are positions in the archive's leaderboards as they stood at the 2025-07-28 snapshot. Results published since then are not among these rows, so a rank here is not a current standing.

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