{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/why-using-either-aggregated-features-or","title":"A Simple and Scalable Graph Neural Network for Large Directed Graphs","arxiv_id":"2306.08274","date":"2023-06-14","proceeding":null,"authors":["Seiji Maekawa","Yuya Sasaki","Makoto Onizuka"],"abstract":"Node classification is one of the hottest tasks in graph analysis. Though existing studies have explored various node representations in directed and undirected graphs, they have overlooked the distinctions of their capabilities to capture the information of graphs. To tackle the limitation, we investigate various combinations of node representations (aggregated features vs. adjacency lists) and edge direction awareness within an input graph (directed vs. undirected). We address the first empirical study to benchmark the performance of various GNNs that use either combination of node representations and edge direction awareness. Our experiments demonstrate that no single combination stably achieves state-of-the-art results across datasets, which indicates that we need to select appropriate combinations depending on the dataset characteristics. In response, we propose a simple yet holistic classification method A2DUG which leverages all combinations of node representations in directed and undirected graphs. We demonstrate that A2DUG stably performs well on various datasets and improves the accuracy up to 11.29 compared with the state-of-the-art methods. To spur the development of new methods, we publicly release our complete codebase under the MIT license.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08274v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.08274v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"why-using-either-aggregated-features-or","repo_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"classification-1","task_name":"Classification"},{"task_slug":"graph-neural-network","task_name":"Graph Neural Network"},{"task_slug":"node-classification","task_name":"Node Classification"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"focus","method_name":"Focus"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[{"leaderboard":"/sota/node-classification-on-wiki-1","task":"Node Classification","dataset":"wiki","model":"A2DUG","rank_in_archive_order":1,"of":2,"metrics":{"ACCURACY":"65.13±0.07"},"uses_additional_data":false}],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2306.08274","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2306.08274"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":3,"unverified":10},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":13,"ran":3,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"ff7d55c8c0dd7dde","entry":"normalize_string","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/layers.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/layers.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ff7d55c8c0dd7dde"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c97b99c4e8201a97","entry":"sparse_mx_to_torch_sparse_tensor","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/process_spmm_dire.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/process_spmm_dire.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c97b99c4e8201a97"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"3a4a478be185334b","entry":"swish","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/layers.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/layers.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"3a4a478be185334b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e53379e7b3dfd8c5","entry":"calc_metric","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/utils_general.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/utils_general.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e53379e7b3dfd8c5"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"8a8364667e96b5a8","entry":"cheb_poly","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/hermitian.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/hermitian.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"8a8364667e96b5a8"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e0d3510a22e03470","entry":"decomp","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/hermitian.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/hermitian.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e0d3510a22e03470"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"8f0f3f9102b8868f","entry":"encode_onehot","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/utils_general.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/utils_general.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"8f0f3f9102b8868f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"be162bddd27d9fac","entry":"even_quantile_labels","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/data_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/data_utils.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"be162bddd27d9fac"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"723d27760d2af154","entry":"hermitian_decomp","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/hermitian.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/hermitian.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"723d27760d2af154"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"71e05153a45879d4","entry":"process","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/model.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/model.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"71e05153a45879d4"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"13234652741e2264","entry":"rand_train_test_idx","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/data_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/data_utils.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"13234652741e2264"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a24b6d4b9d32db82","entry":"resolver","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/layers.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/layers.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a24b6d4b9d32db82"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"01e5c1887f86d840","entry":"to_planetoid","repo":"seijimaekawa/a2dug","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/data_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/seijimaekawa/a2dug/blob/HEAD/src/data_utils.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"01e5c1887f86d840"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}