{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/warm-dark-matter-constraints-using-milky-way","title":"Warm Dark Matter Constraints Using Milky-Way Satellite Observations and Subhalo Evolution Modeling","arxiv_id":"2111.13137","date":"2021-11-25","proceeding":null,"authors":["Ariane Dekker","Shin'ichiro Ando","Camila A. Correa","Kenny C. Y. Ng"],"abstract":"Warm dark matter (WDM) can potentially explain small-scale observations that currently challenge the cold dark matter (CDM) model, as warm particles suppress structure formation due to free-streaming effects. Observing small-scale matter distribution provides a valuable way to distinguish between CDM and WDM. In this work, we use observations from the Dark Energy Survey and PanSTARRS1, which observe 270 Milky-Way satellites after completeness corrections. We test WDM models by comparing the number of satellites in the Milky Way with predictions derived from the Semi-Analytical SubHalo Inference ModelIng (SASHIMI) code, which we develop based on the extended Press-Schechter formalism and subhalos' tidal evolution prescription. We robustly rule out WDM with masses lighter than 4.4 keV at 95% confidence level for the Milky-Way halo mass of $10^{12} M_\\odot$. The limits are a weak function of the (yet uncertain) Milky-Way halo mass, and vary as $m_{\\rm WDM}>3.6$-$5.1$ keV for $(0.6$-$2.0) \\times 10^{12} M_\\odot$. For the sterile neutrinos that form a subclass of WDM, we obtain the constraints of $m_{\\nu_s}>11.6$ keV for the Milky-Way halo mass of $10^{12} M_{\\odot}$. These results based on SASHIMI do not rely on any assumptions of galaxy formation physics or are not limited by numerical resolution. The models, therefore, offer a robust and fast way to constrain the WDM models. By applying a satellite forming condition, however, we can rule out the WDM mass lighter than 9.0 keV for the Milky-Way halo mass of $10^{12} M_\\odot$.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.13137v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.13137v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"warm-dark-matter-constraints-using-milky-way","repo_url":"https://github.com/shinichiroando/sashimi-w","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}