{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/triple-and-quadruple-black-holes-in-the","title":"Triple and Quadruple Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation at $z \\sim 2$","arxiv_id":"2303.04825","date":"2023-03-08","proceeding":null,"authors":["Calvin Hoffman","Nianyi Chen","Tiziana Di Matteo","Yueying Ni","Simeon Bird","Rupert Croft","Abraham Loeb"],"abstract":"We use the ASTRID cosmological hydrodynamic simulation to investigate the properties and evolution of triple and quadruple Massive Black Hole (MBH) systems at $z = 2-3$. Only a handful of MBH tuple systems have been detected to date. In ASTRID, we find $4\\%$ of the $M_{\\rm BH}>10^7\\,M_\\odot$ are in tuples with $\\Delta r_{\\rm max} < 200\\,{\\rm kpc}$. The tuple systems span a range of separations with the majority of the observable AGN systems at $\\Delta r \\sim 50-100$ kpc. They include some of the most massive BHs (up to $10^{10} \\,M_\\odot$) but with at least one of the components of $M_{\\rm BH} \\sim 10^7 \\,M_\\odot$. Tuples' host galaxies are typically massive with $M_* \\sim 10^{10-11} \\,M_\\odot$. We find that $>10\\%$ massive halos with $M_{\\rm halo} > 10^{13} M_\\odot$ host MBH tuples. Following the subsequent interactions between MBHs in tuples, we found that in $\\sim 5\\%$ of the triplets all three MBHs merge within a Gyr, and $15\\%$ go through one merger. As a by-product of the complex multi-galaxy interaction of these systems, we also find that up to $\\sim 5\\%$ of tuples lead to runaway MBHs. In ASTRID, virtually all of the ultramassive black holes ($>10^{10} \\,M_\\odot $) have undergone a triple quasar phase while for BHs with $M_{\\rm BH} \\sim 10^9 \\,M_\\odot$ this fraction drops to $50\\%$.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04825v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.04825v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"triple-and-quadruple-black-holes-in-the","repo_url":"https://github.com/MP-Gadget/MP-Gadget","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"NOASSERTION"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}