{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/traditional-and-context-specific-spam","title":"Traditional and context-specific spam detection in low resource settings","arxiv_id":null,"date":"2022-06-09","proceeding":"Machine Learning 2022 6","authors":["Kornraphop Kawintiranon","Lisa Singh"],"abstract":"Social media data has a mix of high and low-quality content. One form of commonly studied low-quality content is spam. Most studies assume that spam is context-neutral. We show on different Twitter data sets that context-specific spam exists and is identifiable. We then compare multiple traditional machine learning models and a neural network model that uses a pre-trained BERT language model to capture contextual features for identifying spam, both traditional and context-specific, using only content-based features. The neural network model outperforms the traditional models with an F1 score of 0.91. Because spam training data sets are notoriously imbalanced, we also investigate the impact of this imbalance and show that simple Bag-of-Words models are best with extreme imbalance, but a neural model that fine-tunes using language models from other domains significantly improves the F1 score, but not to the levels of domain-specific neural models. This suggests that the strategy employed may vary depending upon the level of imbalance in the data set, the amount of data available in a low resource setting, and the prevalence of context-specific spam vs. traditional spam. Finally, we make our data sets available for use by the research community.","url_abs":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10994-022-06176-x","url_pdf":"https://rdcu.be/cP1SU","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"traditional-and-context-specific-spam","repo_url":"https://github.com/GU-DataLab/context-spam","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"context-specific-spam-detection","task_name":"Context-specific Spam Detection"},{"task_slug":"language-modelling","task_name":"Language Modelling"},{"task_slug":"spam-detection","task_name":"Spam detection"},{"task_slug":"traditional-spam-detection","task_name":"Traditional Spam Detection"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"adam","method_name":"Adam"},{"method_slug":"attention","method_name":"Attention"},{"method_slug":"attention-dropout","method_name":"Attention Dropout"},{"method_slug":"bert","method_name":"BERT"},{"method_slug":"dense-connections","method_name":"Dense Connections"},{"method_slug":"dropout","method_name":"Dropout"},{"method_slug":"layer-normalization","method_name":"Layer Normalization"},{"method_slug":"linear-layer","method_name":"Linear Layer"},{"method_slug":"linear-warmup-with-linear-decay","method_name":"Linear Warmup With Linear Decay"},{"method_slug":"multi-head-attention","method_name":"Multi-Head Attention"},{"method_slug":"residual-connection","method_name":"Residual Connection"},{"method_slug":"softmax","method_name":"Softmax"},{"method_slug":"weight-decay","method_name":"Weight Decay"},{"method_slug":"wordpiece","method_name":"WordPiece"}],"datasets_introduced":[{"slug":"context-specific-spam","name":"Traditional and Context-specific Spam Twitter","full_name":""}],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[{"leaderboard":"/sota/context-specific-spam-detection-on-context","task":"Context-specific Spam Detection","dataset":"Traditional and Context-specific Spam Twitter","model":"BERT","rank_in_archive_order":1,"of":1,"metrics":{"Avg F1":"0.8408"},"uses_additional_data":true},{"leaderboard":"/sota/spam-detection-on-context-specific-spam","task":"Spam detection","dataset":"Traditional and Context-specific Spam Twitter","model":"BERT","rank_in_archive_order":1,"of":1,"metrics":{"Avg F1":"0.8553"},"uses_additional_data":true},{"leaderboard":"/sota/traditional-spam-detection-on-context","task":"Traditional Spam Detection","dataset":"Traditional and Context-specific Spam Twitter","model":"BERT","rank_in_archive_order":1,"of":1,"metrics":{"Avg F1":"0.9079"},"uses_additional_data":true}],"syntology":{"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}