{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/towards-open-vocabulary-object-detection","title":"Open Vocabulary Object Detection with Pseudo Bounding-Box Labels","arxiv_id":"2111.09452","date":"2021-11-18","proceeding":null,"authors":["Mingfei Gao","Chen Xing","Juan Carlos Niebles","Junnan Li","ran Xu","Wenhao Liu","Caiming Xiong"],"abstract":"Despite great progress in object detection, most existing methods work only on a limited set of object categories, due to the tremendous human effort needed for bounding-box annotations of training data. To alleviate the problem, recent open vocabulary and zero-shot detection methods attempt to detect novel object categories beyond those seen during training. They achieve this goal by training on a pre-defined base categories to induce generalization to novel objects. However, their potential is still constrained by the small set of base categories available for training. To enlarge the set of base classes, we propose a method to automatically generate pseudo bounding-box annotations of diverse objects from large-scale image-caption pairs. Our method leverages the localization ability of pre-trained vision-language models to generate pseudo bounding-box labels and then directly uses them for training object detectors. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art open vocabulary detector by 8% AP on COCO novel categories, by 6.3% AP on PASCAL VOC, by 2.3% AP on Objects365 and by 2.8% AP on LVIS. Code is available at https://github.com/salesforce/PB-OVD.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09452v3","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.09452v3.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"towards-open-vocabulary-object-detection","repo_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"BSD-3-Clause"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"object","task_name":"Object"},{"task_slug":"object-detection","task_name":"Object Detection"},{"task_slug":"open-vocabulary-object-detection","task_name":"Open Vocabulary Object Detection"},{"task_slug":"open-vocabulary-object-detection","task_name":"Open-vocabulary object detection"},{"task_slug":"object-detection-1","task_name":"object-detection"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2111.09452","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2111.09452"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"BSD-3-Clause"}}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":4,"ran_fixture":1,"unverified":4},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":9,"ran":5,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"cf9ffa02a42184af","entry":"whitespace_tokenize","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"ALBEF/models/tokenization_bert.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/ALBEF/models/tokenization_bert.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":2,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"cf9ffa02a42184af"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"aa81d03f07735ab8","entry":"compute_acc","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"ALBEF/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/ALBEF/utils.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":"invariant","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"aa81d03f07735ab8"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"ad12a494674d23fb","entry":"compute_n_params","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"ALBEF/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/ALBEF/utils.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ad12a494674d23fb"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c6ec173f19f5c34d","entry":"interpolate_pos_embed","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"ALBEF/models/vit.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/ALBEF/models/vit.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"invariant","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c6ec173f19f5c34d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e7fbc7a74a3457c7","entry":"load_vocab","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"ALBEF/models/tokenization_bert.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/ALBEF/models/tokenization_bert.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e7fbc7a74a3457c7"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"6b2d12b9496aace2","entry":"get_activation_map","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"pseudo_bbox_generation.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/pseudo_bbox_generation.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6b2d12b9496aace2"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"2902bf4410253ff7","entry":"interpolate","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"maskrcnn_benchmark/layers/misc.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/maskrcnn_benchmark/layers/misc.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"2902bf4410253ff7"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"26be70dca3249c0b","entry":"load_tf_weights_in_bert","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"ALBEF/models/xbert.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/ALBEF/models/xbert.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"26be70dca3249c0b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"bb23a95b5fb63b49","entry":"vis_det_act","repo":"salesforce/pb-ovd","repo_kind":"official","path":"pseudo_bbox_generation.py","file_url":"https://github.com/salesforce/pb-ovd/blob/HEAD/pseudo_bbox_generation.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-3-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"bb23a95b5fb63b49"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}