{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/theory-grounded-measurement-of-u-s-social","title":"Theory-Grounded Measurement of U.S. Social Stereotypes in English Language Models","arxiv_id":"2206.11684","date":"2022-06-23","proceeding":"NAACL 2022 7","authors":["Yang Trista Cao","Anna Sotnikova","Hal Daumé III","Rachel Rudinger","Linda Zou"],"abstract":"NLP models trained on text have been shown to reproduce human stereotypes, which can magnify harms to marginalized groups when systems are deployed at scale. We adapt the Agency-Belief-Communion (ABC) stereotype model of Koch et al. (2016) from social psychology as a framework for the systematic study and discovery of stereotypic group-trait associations in language models (LMs). We introduce the sensitivity test (SeT) for measuring stereotypical associations from language models. To evaluate SeT and other measures using the ABC model, we collect group-trait judgments from U.S.-based subjects to compare with English LM stereotypes. Finally, we extend this framework to measure LM stereotyping of intersectional identities.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.11684v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.11684v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"theory-grounded-measurement-of-u-s-social","repo_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"sensitivity","task_name":"Sensitivity"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"abc","method_name":"ABC"},{"method_slug":"test","method_name":"Test"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2206.11684","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2206.11684"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","reach":null},{"provenance":"deterministic:regex_extraction","url":"https://github.com/TristaCao/U.S","reach":{"status":"gone","observed_at":"2026-09-17","how":"tree_404+repo_404"}}],"summary":{"ran_fixture":4,"ran_honours":1,"unverified":1},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":6,"ran":5,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"dfc4c7eafe20231b","entry":"column_squishing","repo":"tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","repo_kind":"official","path":"code/quick_set.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes/blob/HEAD/code/quick_set.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"dfc4c7eafe20231b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b80e00cc4e3d833c","entry":"equal","repo":"tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","repo_kind":"official","path":"code/quick_set.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes/blob/HEAD/code/quick_set.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b80e00cc4e3d833c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c10a7daab0c2714e","entry":"get_lognorm_score","repo":"tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","repo_kind":"official","path":"code/quick_set.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes/blob/HEAD/code/quick_set.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_honours","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"HONOURS","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c10a7daab0c2714e"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"13df2570a4194949","entry":"min_delta","repo":"tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","repo_kind":"official","path":"code/quick_set.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes/blob/HEAD/code/quick_set.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"13df2570a4194949"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"247d588bb9258777","entry":"multiclass_update","repo":"tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","repo_kind":"official","path":"code/quick_set.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes/blob/HEAD/code/quick_set.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"247d588bb9258777"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"30e909ed983d4b99","entry":"sensitivity","repo":"tristacao/u.s_stereotypes","repo_kind":"official","path":"code/quick_set.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tristacao/u.s_stereotypes/blob/HEAD/code/quick_set.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"30e909ed983d4b99"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}