{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/the-population-of-merging-compact-binaries","title":"The population of merging compact binaries inferred using gravitational waves through GWTC-3","arxiv_id":"2111.03634","date":"2021-11-05","proceeding":null,"authors":["The LIGO Scientific Collaboration","the Virgo Collaboration","the KAGRA Collaboration","R. Abbott","T. D. Abbott","F. Acernese","K. Ackley","C. Adams","N. Adhikari","R. X. Adhikari","V. B. Adya","C. Affeldt","D. Agarwal","M. Agathos","K. Agatsuma","N. Aggarwal","O. D. Aguiar","L. Aiello","A. Ain","P. Ajith","T. Akutsu","S. 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Zhu","Z. -H. Zhu","A. B. Zimmerman","Y. Zlochower","M. E. Zucker","J. Zweizig"],"abstract":"We report on the population properties of compact binary mergers inferred from gravitational-wave observations of these systems during the first three LIGO-Virgo observing runs. The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 3 contains signals consistent with three classes of binary mergers: binary black hole, binary neutron star, and neutron star-black hole mergers. We infer the binary neutron star merger rate to be between 10 and 1700 Gpc$^{-3} yr$^{-1}$ and the neutron star-black hole merger rate to be between 7.8 and 140 Gpc$^{-3} yr$^{-1}$, assuming a constant rate density in the comoving frame and taking the union of 90% credible intervals for methods used in this work. We infer the binary black hole merger rate, allowing for evolution with redshift, to be between 17.9 and 44 Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ at a fiducial redshift (z=0.2). The rate of binary black hole mergers is observed to increase with redshift at a rate proportional to $(1+z)^\\kappa$ with $\\kappa=2.9^{+1.7}_{-1.8}$ for $z\\lesssim1$. Using both binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole binaries, we obtain a broad, relatively flat neutron star mass distribution extending from $1.2^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$ to $2.0^{+0.3}_{-0.3}\\,M_\\odot$. We confidently determine that the merger rate as a function of mass sharply declines after the expected maximum neutron star mass, but cannot yet confirm or rule out the existence of a lower mass gap between neutron stars and black holes. We also find the binary black hole mass distribution has localized over- and underdensities relative to a power-law distribution, with peaks emerging at chirp masses of $8.3^{+0.3}_{-0.5}$ and $27.9^{+1.9}_{-1.8}\\,M_\\odot$. While we continue to find that the mass distribution of a binary's more massive component strongly decreases as a function of primary mass, we observe no evidence of a strongly suppressed merger rate above approximately $60\\,M_\\odot$ [abridged]","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03634v5","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.03634v5.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"the-population-of-merging-compact-binaries","repo_url":"https://github.com/davi-rodrigues/ccbh-numerics","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"the-population-of-merging-compact-binaries","repo_url":"https://github.com/davi-rodrigues/ccbh-plpp","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"the-population-of-merging-compact-binaries","repo_url":"https://github.com/jesustorrado/extrapops","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"the-population-of-merging-compact-binaries","repo_url":"https://github.com/kuza91/pbh_subpopulations_effects_analysis","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}