{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/texttt-21cmlstm-a-fast-memory-based-emulator","title":"$\\texttt{21cmLSTM}$: A Fast Memory-based Emulator of the Global 21 cm Signal with Unprecedented Accuracy","arxiv_id":"2410.07619","date":"2024-10-10","proceeding":null,"authors":["J. Dorigo Jones","S. M. Bahauddin","D. Rapetti","J. Mirocha","J. O. Burns"],"abstract":"Neural network (NN) emulators of the global 21 cm signal need emulation error much less than the observational noise in order to be used to perform unbiased Bayesian parameter inference. To this end, we introduce $\\texttt{21cmLSTM}$ -- a long short-term memory (LSTM) NN emulator of the global 21 cm signal that leverages the intrinsic correlation between frequency channels to achieve exceptional accuracy compared to previous emulators, which are all feedforward, fully connected NNs. LSTM NNs are a type of recurrent NN designed to capture long-term dependencies in sequential data. When trained and tested on the same simulated set of global 21 cm signals as the best previous emulators, $\\texttt{21cmLSTM}$ has average relative rms error of 0.22% -- equivalently 0.39 mK -- and comparably fast evaluation time. We perform seven-dimensional Bayesian parameter estimation analyses using $\\texttt{21cmLSTM}$ to fit global 21 cm signal mock data with different adopted observational noise levels, $\\sigma_{21}$. The posterior $1\\sigma$ rms error is $\\approx3\\times$ less than $\\sigma_{21}$ for each fit and consistently decreases for tighter noise levels, showing that $\\texttt{21cmLSTM}$ can sufficiently exploit even very optimistic measurements of the global 21 cm signal. We made the emulator, code, and data sets publicly available so that $\\texttt{21cmLSTM}$ can be independently tested and used to retrain and constrain other 21 cm models.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07619v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.07619v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"texttt-21cmlstm-a-fast-memory-based-emulator","repo_url":"https://github.com/jdorigojones/21cmLSTM","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2410.07619","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2410.07619"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. 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