{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/temporal-convolutional-explorer-helps","title":"Temporal Convolutional Explorer Helps Understand 1D-CNN's Learning Behavior in Time Series Classification from Frequency Domain","arxiv_id":"2310.05467","date":"2023-10-09","proceeding":null,"authors":["Junru Zhang","Lang Feng","Yang He","Yuhan Wu","Yabo Dong"],"abstract":"While one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) have been empirically proven effective in time series classification tasks, we find that there remain undesirable outcomes that could arise in their application, motivating us to further investigate and understand their underlying mechanisms. In this work, we propose a Temporal Convolutional Explorer (TCE) to empirically explore the learning behavior of 1D-CNNs from the perspective of the frequency domain. Our TCE analysis highlights that deeper 1D-CNNs tend to distract the focus from the low-frequency components leading to the accuracy degradation phenomenon, and the disturbing convolution is the driving factor. Then, we leverage our findings to the practical application and propose a regulatory framework, which can easily be integrated into existing 1D-CNNs. It aims to rectify the suboptimal learning behavior by enabling the network to selectively bypass the specified disturbing convolutions. Finally, through comprehensive experiments on widely-used UCR, UEA, and UCI benchmarks, we demonstrate that 1) TCE's insight into 1D-CNN's learning behavior; 2) our regulatory framework enables state-of-the-art 1D-CNNs to get improved performances with less consumption of memory and computational overhead.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.05467v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.05467v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"temporal-convolutional-explorer-helps","repo_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"time-series-1","task_name":"Time Series"},{"task_slug":"time-series-classification","task_name":"Time Series Classification"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"convolution","method_name":"Convolution"},{"method_slug":"focus","method_name":"Focus"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2310.05467","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.05467"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"summary":{"ran":15,"unverified":2},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":17,"ran":15,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":17,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"b502b4da66b37946","entry":"behavior","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"regulator/TCE.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/regulator/TCE.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b502b4da66b37946"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"ab46595e67956251","entry":"dataframe2ndarray","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/ts_datasets.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/ts_datasets.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ab46595e67956251"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"34758b992178a1f7","entry":"fill_missing","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/Muldataloader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/Muldataloader.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"34758b992178a1f7"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a7801a69b728432e","entry":"get_classification_datasets_summary","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/Muldataloader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/Muldataloader.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a7801a69b728432e"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a9de59a179e7d61d","entry":"get_max_seq_len","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/ts_datasets.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/ts_datasets.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a9de59a179e7d61d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"06544eebfeb9611f","entry":"get_optimizer","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/base_model.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/base_model.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"06544eebfeb9611f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"8922fc534f5e5473","entry":"load_dataset_mul","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/data_process.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/data_process.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"8922fc534f5e5473"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"fa724a049eaefd67","entry":"noise_mask","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/ts_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/ts_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"fa724a049eaefd67"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b62aa75a42bda382","entry":"read_univariate_ucr","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/Muldataloader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/Muldataloader.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b62aa75a42bda382"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"f47aa8a277b19705","entry":"split_by_class","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/TSC_data_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/TSC_data_loader.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"f47aa8a277b19705"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5edf5ab6ce451624","entry":"transfft","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"regulator/TCE.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/regulator/TCE.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5edf5ab6ce451624"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"2161bda1de85a303","entry":"trim_lable","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/TSC_data_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/TSC_data_loader.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"2161bda1de85a303"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"149db023714078d2","entry":"ucrdf_to_nparray","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/ts_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/ts_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"149db023714078d2"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"060c45b0d4e7152d","entry":"ucrdf_to_tensor","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/ts_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/ts_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"060c45b0d4e7152d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"6056c4166137b827","entry":"uniform_scaling","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/ts_datasets.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/ts_datasets.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6056c4166137b827"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"092c70e238178fcb","entry":"Low2High","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"regulator/TCE.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/regulator/TCE.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"092c70e238178fcb"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"711e41b4b6f775ca","entry":"set_nan_to_zero","repo":"jrzhang33/tce","repo_kind":"official","path":"base/TSC_data_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/jrzhang33/tce/blob/HEAD/base/TSC_data_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"711e41b4b6f775ca"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}