{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/shock-cooling-emission-from-explosions-of-red-1","title":"Shock cooling emission from explosions of red super-giants: II. An analytic model of deviations from blackbody emission","arxiv_id":"2307.05598","date":"2023-07-10","proceeding":null,"authors":["Jonathan Morag","Ido Irani","Nir Sapir","Eli Waxman"],"abstract":"Light emission in the first hours and days following core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is dominated by the escape of photons from the expanding shock heated envelope. In a preceding paper, Paper I, we provided a simple analytic description of the time dependent luminosity, $L$, and color temperature, $T_{\\rm col}$, valid up to H recombination ($T\\approx0.7$ eV), for explosions of red supergiants with convective polytropic envelopes without significant circum-stellar medium (CSM). The analytic description was calibrated against \"gray\" (frequency-independent) photon diffusion numeric calculations. Here we present the results of a large set of 1D multi-group (frequency-dependent) calculations, for a wide range of progenitor parameters (mass, radius, core/envelope mass ratios, metalicity) and explosion energies, using opacity tables that we constructed (and made publicly available), including the contributions of bound-bound and bound-free transitions. We provide an analytic description of the small, $\\simeq10\\%$ deviations of the spectrum from blackbody at low frequencies, $h\\nu< 3T_{\\rm col}$, and an improved (over Paper I) description of `line dampening' for $h\\nu> 3T_{\\rm col}$. We show that the effects of deviations from initial polytropic density distribution are small, and so are the effects of `expansion opacity' and deviations from LTE ionization and excitation (within our model assumptions). A recent study of a large set of type II SN observations finds that our model accounts well for the early multi-band data of more than 50\\% of observed SNe (the others are likely affected by thick CSM), enabling the inference of progenitor properties, explosion velocity, and relative extinction.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.05598v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.05598v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"shock-cooling-emission-from-explosions-of-red-1","repo_url":"https://github.com/jon-morag/freq_dept_opac_table","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}