{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/semi-supervised-learning-of-visual-features","title":"Semi-Supervised Learning of Visual Features by Non-Parametrically Predicting View Assignments with Support Samples","arxiv_id":"2104.13963","date":"2021-04-28","proceeding":"ICCV 2021 10","authors":["Mahmoud Assran","Mathilde Caron","Ishan Misra","Piotr Bojanowski","Armand Joulin","Nicolas Ballas","Michael Rabbat"],"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel method of learning by predicting view assignments with support samples (PAWS). The method trains a model to minimize a consistency loss, which ensures that different views of the same unlabeled instance are assigned similar pseudo-labels. The pseudo-labels are generated non-parametrically, by comparing the representations of the image views to those of a set of randomly sampled labeled images. The distance between the view representations and labeled representations is used to provide a weighting over class labels, which we interpret as a soft pseudo-label. By non-parametrically incorporating labeled samples in this way, PAWS extends the distance-metric loss used in self-supervised methods such as BYOL and SwAV to the semi-supervised setting. Despite the simplicity of the approach, PAWS outperforms other semi-supervised methods across architectures, setting a new state-of-the-art for a ResNet-50 on ImageNet trained with either 10% or 1% of the labels, reaching 75.5% and 66.5% top-1 respectively. PAWS requires 4x to 12x less training than the previous best methods.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.13963v3","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.13963v3.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"semi-supervised-learning-of-visual-features","repo_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/suncet","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"semi-supervised-learning-of-visual-features","repo_url":"https://github.com/beresandras/semisupervised-classification-keras","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"tf","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"semi-supervised-learning-of-visual-features","repo_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/msn","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"semi-supervised-learning-of-visual-features","repo_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"image-classification","task_name":"Image Classification"},{"task_slug":"pseudo-label","task_name":"Pseudo Label"},{"task_slug":"semi-supervised-image-classification","task_name":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"byol","method_name":"BYOL"},{"method_slug":"lars","method_name":"LARS"},{"method_slug":"swav","method_name":"SwAV"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[{"leaderboard":"/sota/image-classification-on-imagenet","task":"Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50, 10% labels)","rank_in_archive_order":946,"of":1060,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"75.5%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/image-classification-on-imagenet","task":"Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50, 1% labels)","rank_in_archive_order":1042,"of":1060,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"66.5%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-cifar","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"CIFAR-10, 4000 Labels","model":"PAWS-NN (WRN-28-2)","rank_in_archive_order":7,"of":49,"metrics":{"Percentage error":"4.0 ± 0.25"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-1","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet - 1% labeled data","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50 4x)","rank_in_archive_order":21,"of":65,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"69.9%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-1","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet - 1% labeled data","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50 2x)","rank_in_archive_order":22,"of":65,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"69.6%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-1","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet - 1% labeled data","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50)","rank_in_archive_order":29,"of":65,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"66.5%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-2","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet - 10% labeled data","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50 4x)","rank_in_archive_order":14,"of":75,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"79.0%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-2","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet - 10% labeled data","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50 2x)","rank_in_archive_order":19,"of":75,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"77.8%"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/semi-supervised-image-classification-on-2","task":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification","dataset":"ImageNet - 10% labeled data","model":"PAWS (ResNet-50)","rank_in_archive_order":25,"of":75,"metrics":{"Top 1 Accuracy":"75.5%"},"uses_additional_data":false}],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2104.13963","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2104.13963"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/msn","reach":null},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/beresandras/semisupervised-classification-keras","reach":null},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/suncet","reach":null}],"summary":{"ran":4,"ran_fixture":1,"ran_draft_wrong":2,"unverified":14},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":2,"ran":2,"repositories":1},"listed":{"samples":19,"ran":5,"repositories":3}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":3,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"f68fac75925a8996","entry":"AllGather","repo":"facebookresearch/suncet","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/losses.py","file_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/suncet/blob/HEAD/src/losses.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"f68fac75925a8996"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"95ac5fe2166b117a","entry":"AllReduce","repo":"facebookresearch/msn","repo_kind":"listed","path":"src/losses.py","file_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/msn/blob/HEAD/src/losses.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"95ac5fe2166b117a"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"1bb1dee92e0a093b","entry":"PAWS","repo":"beresandras/semisupervised-classification-keras","repo_kind":"listed","path":"algorithms.py","file_url":"https://github.com/beresandras/semisupervised-classification-keras/blob/HEAD/algorithms.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"1bb1dee92e0a093b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"71e80bb6a7133768","entry":"SemisupervisedModel","repo":"beresandras/semisupervised-classification-keras","repo_kind":"listed","path":"algorithms.py","file_url":"https://github.com/beresandras/semisupervised-classification-keras/blob/HEAD/algorithms.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"71e80bb6a7133768"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"7478f8e64cee8964","entry":"distributed_sinkhorn","repo":"facebookresearch/msn","repo_kind":"listed","path":"src/losses.py","file_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/msn/blob/HEAD/src/losses.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":"invariant","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"7478f8e64cee8964"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"8058e8c73e3a9d20","entry":"init_msn_loss","repo":"facebookresearch/msn","repo_kind":"listed","path":"src/losses.py","file_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/msn/blob/HEAD/src/losses.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"8058e8c73e3a9d20"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e4fcb778fbb424df","entry":"init_paws_loss","repo":"facebookresearch/suncet","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/losses.py","file_url":"https://github.com/facebookresearch/suncet/blob/HEAD/src/losses.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e4fcb778fbb424df"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"9c8af1a1234a70bb","entry":"dataset_for_class","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/labeled_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/labeled_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"9c8af1a1234a70bb"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"0f0390c1cd8dff66","entry":"float_parameter","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/multicrop_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/multicrop_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"0f0390c1cd8dff66"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"6a55065d9c679d3c","entry":"get_paws_loss","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/losses.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/losses.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6a55065d9c679d3c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c1d2ae4c09280e21","entry":"get_support_ds","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/labeled_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/labeled_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c1d2ae4c09280e21"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"05d7d78714b9de1b","entry":"layer","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"models/wide_resnet.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/models/wide_resnet.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"05d7d78714b9de1b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"0756356a6dd842aa","entry":"learner","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"models/resnet20.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/models/resnet20.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"0756356a6dd842aa"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"fe3cc1bc7312b8a0","entry":"onehot_encode","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/labeled_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/labeled_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"fe3cc1bc7312b8a0"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"cd82cca1cbf4ebbc","entry":"projection_head","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"models/wide_resnet.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/models/wide_resnet.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"cd82cca1cbf4ebbc"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"abadc575eb223999","entry":"residual_group","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"models/resnet20.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/models/resnet20.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"abadc575eb223999"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"08ad311e00fe4f97","entry":"sample_level","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/multicrop_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/multicrop_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"08ad311e00fe4f97"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"3d22afdeab459a13","entry":"snn","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"nn_eval.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/nn_eval.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"3d22afdeab459a13"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"879172744bfa9ab1","entry":"solarize","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"utils/multicrop_loader.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/utils/multicrop_loader.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"879172744bfa9ab1"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"4771975a4479f016","entry":"stem","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"models/resnet20.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/models/resnet20.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4771975a4479f016"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"40d8c0a153356fd9","entry":"wide_basic","repo":"sayakpaul/PAWS-TF","repo_kind":"listed","path":"models/wide_resnet.py","file_url":"https://github.com/sayakpaul/PAWS-TF/blob/HEAD/models/wide_resnet.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"40d8c0a153356fd9"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}