{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/self-citation-analysis-using-sentence","title":"Self-citation Analysis using Sentence Embeddings","arxiv_id":"2105.05527","date":"2021-05-12","proceeding":null,"authors":["Athanasios Lagopoulos","Grigorios Tsoumakas"],"abstract":"The purpose of citation indexes and metrics is intended to be a measure for scientific innovation and quality for researchers, journals, and institutions. However, those metrics are often prone to abuse and manipulation by excessive and unethical self-citations induced by authors, reviewers, editors, or journals. Identifying whether there are or not legitimate reasons for self-citations is normally determined during the review process, where the participating parts may have intrinsic incentives, rendering the legitimacy of self-citations, after publication, questionable. In this paper, we conduct a large-scale analysis of journal self-citations while taking into consideration the similarity between a publication and its references. Specifically, we look into PubMed Central articles published since 1990 and compute similarities of article-reference pairs using sentence embeddings. We examine journal self-citations with an aim to distinguish between justifiable and unethical self-citations.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05527v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05527v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"self-citation-analysis-using-sentence","repo_url":"https://github.com/intelligence-csd-auth-gr/rely","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}