{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/pure-operation-based-replicated-data-types","title":"Pure Operation-Based Replicated Data Types","arxiv_id":"1710.04469","date":"2017-10-12","proceeding":null,"authors":["Carlos Baquero","Paulo Sergio Almeida","Ali Shoker"],"abstract":"Distributed systems designed to serve clients across the world often make use of geo-replication to attain low latency and high availability. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow the design of predictable multi-master replication and support eventual consistency of replicas that are allowed to transiently diverge. CRDTs come in two flavors: state-based, where a state is changed locally and shipped and merged into other replicas; operation-based, where operations are issued locally and reliably causal broadcast to all other replicas. However, the standard definition of op-based CRDTs is very encompassing, allowing even sending the full-state, and thus imposing storage and dissemination overheads as well as blurring the distinction from state-based CRDTs. We introduce pure op-based CRDTs, that can only send operations to other replicas, drawing a clear distinction from state-based ones. Data types with commutative operations can be trivially implemented as pure op-based CRDTs using standard reliable causal delivery; whereas data types having non-commutative operations are implemented using a PO-Log, a partially ordered log of operations, and making use of an extended API, i.e., a Tagged Causal Stable Broadcast (TCSB), that provides extra causality information upon delivery and later informs when delivered messages become causally stable, allowing further PO-Log compaction. The framework is illustrated by a catalog of pure op-based specifications for classic CRDTs, including counters, multi-value registers, add-wins and remove-wins sets.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.04469v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.04469v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"pure-operation-based-replicated-data-types","repo_url":"https://github.com/okeuday/cpg","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}