{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/probably-approximately-correct-labels","title":"Probably Approximately Correct Labels","arxiv_id":"2506.10908","date":"2025-06-12","proceeding":null,"authors":["Emmanuel J. Candès","Andrew Ilyas","Tijana Zrnic"],"abstract":"Obtaining high-quality labeled datasets is often costly, requiring either extensive human annotation or expensive experiments. We propose a method that supplements such \"expert\" labels with AI predictions from pre-trained models to construct labeled datasets more cost-effectively. Our approach results in probably approximately correct labels: with high probability, the overall labeling error is small. This solution enables rigorous yet efficient dataset curation using modern AI models. We demonstrate the benefits of the methodology through text annotation with large language models, image labeling with pre-trained vision models, and protein folding analysis with AlphaFold.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.10908v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.10908v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"probably-approximately-correct-labels","repo_url":"https://github.com/tijana-zrnic/pac-labels","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"protein-folding","task_name":"Protein Folding"},{"task_slug":"text-annotation","task_name":"text annotation"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"alphafold","method_name":"AlphaFold"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2506.10908","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10908"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"deterministic:regex_extraction","url":"https://github.com/tijana-zrnic/pac-labels","reach":null}],"summary":{"ran":1,"unverified":3},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":4,"ran":1,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":4,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"4b27f5ef69b9462c","entry":"zero_one_loss_vec","repo":"tijana-zrnic/pac-labels","repo_kind":"official","path":"router_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tijana-zrnic/pac-labels/blob/HEAD/router_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4b27f5ef69b9462c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"d9ae4dc96b425140","entry":"Sigmoid","repo":"tijana-zrnic/pac-labels","repo_kind":"official","path":"router_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tijana-zrnic/pac-labels/blob/HEAD/router_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d9ae4dc96b425140"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"4f5ad59fae759b91","entry":"SigmoidLike","repo":"tijana-zrnic/pac-labels","repo_kind":"official","path":"router_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tijana-zrnic/pac-labels/blob/HEAD/router_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4f5ad59fae759b91"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"68464b52f5c2a04a","entry":"threshold_smooth_surrogate","repo":"tijana-zrnic/pac-labels","repo_kind":"official","path":"router_utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tijana-zrnic/pac-labels/blob/HEAD/router_utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NOASSERTION","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"68464b52f5c2a04a"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}