{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing","title":"PRADA: Protecting against DNN Model Stealing Attacks","arxiv_id":"1805.02628","date":"2018-05-07","proceeding":null,"authors":["Mika Juuti","Sebastian Szyller","Samuel Marchal","N. Asokan"],"abstract":"Machine learning (ML) applications are increasingly prevalent. Protecting the confidentiality of ML models becomes paramount for two reasons: (a) a model can be a business advantage to its owner, and (b) an adversary may use a stolen model to find transferable adversarial examples that can evade classification by the original model. Access to the model can be restricted to be only via well-defined prediction APIs. Nevertheless, prediction APIs still provide enough information to allow an adversary to mount model extraction attacks by sending repeated queries via the prediction API. In this paper, we describe new model extraction attacks using novel approaches for generating synthetic queries, and optimizing training hyperparameters. Our attacks outperform state-of-the-art model extraction in terms of transferability of both targeted and non-targeted adversarial examples (up to +29-44 percentage points, pp), and prediction accuracy (up to +46 pp) on two datasets. We provide take-aways on how to perform effective model extraction attacks. We then propose PRADA, the first step towards generic and effective detection of DNN model extraction attacks. It analyzes the distribution of consecutive API queries and raises an alarm when this distribution deviates from benign behavior. We show that PRADA can detect all prior model extraction attacks with no false positives.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.02628v4","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.02628v4.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing","repo_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}},{"paper_slug":"prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing","repo_url":"https://github.com/ssg-research/dawn-dynamic-adversarial-watermarking-of-neural-networks","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1805.02628","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1805.02628"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/ssg-research/dawn-dynamic-adversarial-watermarking-of-neural-networks","reach":null}],"summary":{"unverified":8},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":8,"ran":0,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"feb066ccc764c959","entry":"l2","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/growing_set_ops.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/growing_set_ops.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"feb066ccc764c959"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"16c66e9d750c70f7","entry":"load_server","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/model_ops.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/model_ops.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"16c66e9d750c70f7"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"bae2d2122bd04722","entry":"mean_dif_std","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/growing_set_ops.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/growing_set_ops.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"bae2d2122bd04722"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"9205310afa1869dc","entry":"model_handle","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/model_ops.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/model_ops.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"9205310afa1869dc"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"98b87b81e1272788","entry":"shuffle_max_logits","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/modes.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/modes.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"98b87b81e1272788"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b5f6b17164e5a0c1","entry":"softmax","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/growing_set_ops.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/growing_set_ops.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b5f6b17164e5a0c1"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"817e481101bfb3be","entry":"to_matrix","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/modes.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/modes.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"817e481101bfb3be"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b1e713f687ceea50","entry":"to_range","repo":"SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/model_ops.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SSGAalto/prada-protecting-against-dnn-model-stealing-attacks/blob/HEAD/src/model_ops.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b1e713f687ceea50"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}