{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/poem-polarization-of-embeddings-for-domain","title":"POEM: Polarization of Embeddings for Domain-Invariant Representations","arxiv_id":"2305.13046","date":"2023-05-22","proceeding":null,"authors":["Sang-Yeong Jo","Sung Whan Yoon"],"abstract":"Handling out-of-distribution samples is a long-lasting challenge for deep visual models. In particular, domain generalization (DG) is one of the most relevant tasks that aims to train a model with a generalization capability on novel domains. Most existing DG approaches share the same philosophy to minimize the discrepancy between domains by finding the domain-invariant representations. On the contrary, our proposed method called POEM acquires a strong DG capability by learning domain-invariant and domain-specific representations and polarizing them. Specifically, POEM cotrains category-classifying and domain-classifying embeddings while regularizing them to be orthogonal via minimizing the cosine-similarity between their features, i.e., the polarization of embeddings. The clear separation of embeddings suppresses domain-specific features in the domain-invariant embeddings. The concept of POEM shows a unique direction to enhance the domain robustness of representations that brings considerable and consistent performance gains when combined with existing DG methods. Extensive simulation results in popular DG benchmarks with the PACS, VLCS, OfficeHome, TerraIncognita, and DomainNet datasets show that POEM indeed facilitates the category-classifying embedding to be more domain-invariant.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13046v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.13046v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"poem-polarization-of-embeddings-for-domain","repo_url":"https://github.com/josangyoung/official-poem","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"domain-generalization","task_name":"Domain Generalization"},{"task_slug":"philosophy","task_name":"Philosophy"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[{"leaderboard":"/sota/domain-generalization-on-domainnet","task":"Domain Generalization","dataset":"DomainNet","model":"POEM","rank_in_archive_order":34,"of":38,"metrics":{"Average Accuracy":"44.0"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/domain-generalization-on-office-home","task":"Domain Generalization","dataset":"Office-Home","model":"POEM","rank_in_archive_order":36,"of":45,"metrics":{"Average Accuracy":"68.0"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/domain-generalization-on-pacs-2","task":"Domain Generalization","dataset":"PACS","model":"POEM","rank_in_archive_order":43,"of":133,"metrics":{"Average Accuracy":"86.7"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/domain-generalization-on-terraincognita","task":"Domain Generalization","dataset":"TerraIncognita","model":"POEM","rank_in_archive_order":26,"of":30,"metrics":{"Average Accuracy":"49.5"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/domain-generalization-on-vlcs","task":"Domain Generalization","dataset":"VLCS","model":"POEM","rank_in_archive_order":27,"of":37,"metrics":{"Average Accuracy":"79.2"},"uses_additional_data":false}],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/2305.13046","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2305.13046","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.13046"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-25T09:33:49+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"deterministic:regex_extraction","url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":3,"ran":5,"ran_honours":1,"unverified":3},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":12,"ran":9,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"ce7990d7ad5821ff","entry":"Classifier","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/networks.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/networks.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ce7990d7ad5821ff"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"00e569acd6b45ef0","entry":"conv3x3","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/wide_resnet.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/wide_resnet.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"00e569acd6b45ef0"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"71a3a61ceed99bf3","entry":"hashable","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/query.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/query.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"71a3a61ceed99bf3"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"2f597a2077a1c95d","entry":"levelize","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/logger.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/logger.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"2f597a2077a1c95d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"2f8af5779e1edcb6","entry":"make_selector_fn","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/query.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/query.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"2f8af5779e1edcb6"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"955c4020424d8ac1","entry":"make_weights_for_balanced_classes","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/misc.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/misc.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"955c4020424d8ac1"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"4fa2b54178fcc1df","entry":"random_pairs_of_minibatches","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/misc.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/misc.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4fa2b54178fcc1df"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"12c23ce22097acd0","entry":"to_minibatch","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/algorithms/algorithms.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/algorithms/algorithms.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_honours","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"HONOURS","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"12c23ce22097acd0"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5dd6a674fbe45a89","entry":"to_row","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/lib/misc.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/lib/misc.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5dd6a674fbe45a89"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a62dd31d0dda9584","entry":"accuracy_from_loader","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/evaluator.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/evaluator.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a62dd31d0dda9584"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"dc2789597240a515","entry":"default_hparams","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/hparams_registry.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/hparams_registry.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"dc2789597240a515"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"2bec6a705865507b","entry":"random_hparams","repo":"JoSangYoung/Official-POEM","repo_kind":"official","path":"POEM/domainbed/hparams_registry.py","file_url":"https://github.com/JoSangYoung/Official-POEM/blob/HEAD/POEM/domainbed/hparams_registry.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"2bec6a705865507b"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}