{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/planck-2018-results-vi-cosmological","title":"Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters","arxiv_id":"1807.06209","date":"2018-07-17","proceeding":null,"authors":["Planck Collaboration","N. Aghanim","Y. Akrami","M. Ashdown","J. Aumont","C. Baccigalupi","M. Ballardini","A. J. Banday","R. B. Barreiro","N. Bartolo","S. Basak","R. Battye","K. Benabed","J. -P. Bernard","M. Bersanelli","P. Bielewicz","J. J. Bock","J. R. Bond","J. Borrill","F. R. Bouchet","F. Boulanger","M. Bucher","C. Burigana","R. C. Butler","E. Calabrese","J. -F. Cardoso","J. Carron","A. Challinor","H. C. Chiang","J. Chluba","L. P. L. Colombo","C. Combet","D. Contreras","B. P. Crill","F. Cuttaia","P. de Bernardis","G. de Zotti","J. Delabrouille","J. -M. Delouis","E. Di Valentino","J. M. Diego","O. Doré","M. Douspis","A. Ducout","X. Dupac","S. Dusini","G. Efstathiou","F. Elsner","T. A. Enßlin","H. K. Eriksen","Y. Fantaye","M. Farhang","J. Fergusson","R. Fernandez-Cobos","F. Finelli","F. Forastieri","M. Frailis","A. A. Fraisse","E. Franceschi","A. Frolov","S. Galeotta","S. Galli","K. Ganga","R. T. Génova-Santos","M. Gerbino","T. Ghosh","J. González-Nuevo","K. M. Górski","S. Gratton","A. Gruppuso","J. E. Gudmundsson","J. Hamann","W. Handley","F. K. Hansen","D. Herranz","S. R. Hildebrandt","E. Hivon","Z. Huang","A. H. Jaffe","W. C. Jones","A. Karakci","E. Keihänen","R. Keskitalo","K. Kiiveri","J. Kim","T. S. Kisner","L. Knox","N. Krachmalnicoff","M. Kunz","H. Kurki-Suonio","G. Lagache","J. -M. Lamarre","A. Lasenby","M. Lattanzi","C. R. Lawrence","M. Le Jeune","P. Lemos","J. Lesgourgues","F. Levrier","A. Lewis","M. Liguori","P. B. Lilje","M. Lilley","V. Lindholm","M. López-Caniego","P. M. Lubin","Y. -Z. Ma","J. F. Macías-Pérez","G. Maggio","D. Maino","N. Mandolesi","A. Mangilli","A. Marcos-Caballero","M. Maris","P. G. Martin","M. Martinelli","E. Martínez-González","S. Matarrese","N. Mauri","J. D. McEwen","P. R. Meinhold","A. Melchiorri","A. Mennella","M. Migliaccio","M. Millea","S. Mitra","M. -A. Miville-Deschênes","D. Molinari","L. Montier","G. Morgante","A. Moss","P. Natoli","H. U. Nørgaard-Nielsen","L. Pagano","D. Paoletti","B. Partridge","G. Patanchon","H. V. Peiris","F. Perrotta","V. Pettorino","F. Piacentini","L. Polastri","G. Polenta","J. -L. Puget","J. P. Rachen","M. Reinecke","M. Remazeilles","A. Renzi","G. Rocha","C. Rosset","G. Roudier","J. A. Rubiño-Martín","B. Ruiz-Granados","L. Salvati","M. Sandri","M. Savelainen","D. Scott","E. P. S. Shellard","C. Sirignano","G. Sirri","L. D. Spencer","R. Sunyaev","A. -S. Suur-Uski","J. A. Tauber","D. Tavagnacco","M. Tenti","L. Toffolatti","M. Tomasi","T. Trombetti","L. Valenziano","J. Valiviita","B. Van Tent","L. Vibert","P. Vielva","F. Villa","N. Vittorio","B. D. Wandelt","I. K. Wehus","M. White","S. D. M. White","A. Zacchei","A. Zonca"],"abstract":"We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the CMB anisotropies. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter $\\Lambda$CDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted \"base $\\Lambda$CDM\" in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density $\\Omega_c h^2 = 0.120\\pm 0.001$, baryon density $\\Omega_b h^2 = 0.0224\\pm 0.0001$, scalar spectral index $n_s = 0.965\\pm 0.004$, and optical depth $\\tau = 0.054\\pm 0.007$ (in this abstract we quote $68\\,\\%$ confidence regions on measured parameters and $95\\,\\%$ on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to $0.03\\,\\%$ precision, with $100\\theta_*=1.0411\\pm 0.0003$. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming the base-$\\Lambda$CDM cosmology, the inferred late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant $H_0 = (67.4\\pm 0.5)$km/s/Mpc; matter density parameter $\\Omega_m = 0.315\\pm 0.007$; and matter fluctuation amplitude $\\sigma_8 = 0.811\\pm 0.006$. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-$\\Lambda$CDM model. Combining with BAO we constrain the effective extra relativistic degrees of freedom to be $N_{\\rm eff} = 2.99\\pm 0.17$, and the neutrino mass is tightly constrained to $\\sum m_\\nu< 0.12$eV. The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudes than predicted in base -$\\Lambda$CDM at over $2\\,\\sigma$, which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the base-$\\Lambda$CDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAO data. (Abridged)","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209v4","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.06209v4.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"planck-2018-results-vi-cosmological","repo_url":"https://github.com/Tomenol/evs-cosmic-structure-formation","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"GPL-3.0"}},{"paper_slug":"planck-2018-results-vi-cosmological","repo_url":"https://github.com/aarhuscosmology/prospect_public","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/1807.06209","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1807.06209","mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}