{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/pentacle-parallelized-particle-particle","title":"PENTACLE: Parallelized Particle-Particle Particle-Tree Code for Planet Formation","arxiv_id":"1810.11970","date":"2018-10-29","proceeding":null,"authors":["Masaki Iwasawa","Shoichi Oshino","Michiko S. Fujii","Yasunori Hori"],"abstract":"We have newly developed a Parallelized Particle-Particle Particle-tree code for Planet formation, PENTACLE, which is a parallelized hybrid $N$-body integrator executed on a CPU-based (super)computer. PENTACLE uses a 4th-order Hermite algorithm to calculate gravitational interactions between particles within a cutoff radius and a Barnes-Hut tree method for gravity from particles beyond. It also implements an open-source library designed for full automatic parallelization of particle simulations, FDPS (Framework for Developing Particle Simulator) to parallelize a Barnes-Hut tree algorithm for a memory-distributed supercomputer. These allow us to handle $1-10$ million particles in a high-resolution $N$-body simulation on CPU clusters for collisional dynamics, including physical collisions in a planetesimal disc. In this paper, we show the performance and the accuracy of PENTACLE in terms of $\\tilde{R}_{\\rm cut}$ and a time-step $\\Delta t$. It turns out that the accuracy of a hybrid $N$-body simulation is controlled through $\\Delta t / \\tilde{R}_{\\rm cut}$ and $\\Delta t / \\tilde{R}_{\\rm cut} \\sim 0.1$ is necessary to simulate accurately accretion process of a planet for $\\geq 10^6$ years. For all those who interested in large-scale particle simulations, PENTACLE customized for planet formation will be freely available from https://github.com/PENTACLE-Team/PENTACLE under the MIT lisence.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11970v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.11970v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"pentacle-parallelized-particle-particle","repo_url":"https://github.com/PENTACLE-Team/PENTACLE","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}